P1. Biomolecules and Cells Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
- study of chemical processes within and relating to living organism.
- science of chemical constituents of living cells.
A
Biochemistry
2
Q
Four principal classes of Biomolecules:
A
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid
3
Q
- most common organic molecule
- mostly from plants
- PRIMARY energy source
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
what is the building block of carbohydrates?
A
MONOMER
5
Q
what are the elements present in CARBOHYDRATES and its RATIO?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1
6
Q
what are the subtypes of CARBOHYDRATES?
A
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides (polymer)
7
Q
examples of monosaccharides are?
monosaccharides contain single sugar
A
glucose or fructose
8
Q
examples of disaccharides?
disaccharides contains two monosaccharides
A
maltose and sucrose
9
Q
examples of polysaccharides:
polysaccharides are three monosaccharides.
poly means long chains.
A
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
10
Q
use for energy storage in plants
A
starch
11
Q
use for energy storage in animals
A
glycogen
12
Q
provides structural support in plants
A
cellulose
13
Q
found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell wall of some fungi
A
chitin
14
Q
- energy storage
- insulates the body
- makes up the cell membrane
- hydrophobic
A
lipids
15
Q
elements present in LIPIDS
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:1:1
16
Q
monomer (building block) of LIPIDS:
A
1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids
17
Q
polymer of LIPIDS:
A
phospholipids & triglycerides
18
Q
Lipids can be?
(2 types of bonds)
A
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
19
Q
- single carbon bonds
- solid @ room temperature
- mainly animal fats
A
Saturated Lipids
20
Q
- at least one double/ triple carbon bonds
- liquid @ room temperature
- mainly plant-based fats
A
Unsaturated Lipids
21
Q
- they transport molecules in & out of the cell
- control the speed of chemical reactions
- used for growth and repair
- they makeup the structure of living things
A
Protein
22
Q
elements present in PROTEIN:
A
Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
23
Q
monomer (building block) of PROTEIN?
A
amino acids
there are 20 different types of amino acids
24
Q
- genetic information
- holds the instructions to make proteins
- tested by using PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
A
Nucleic Acids
25
elements present in Nucleic Acids?
Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
26
monomer of Nucleic acids?
nucleotides
27
nucleotides is made up of?
1. sugar
2. phosphate
3. nitrogenous base
## Footnote
nitrogenous bases/ purines:
adenince
thymine
guanine
cytosine (pyrimidines) / urasil [this is where we base if it is a DNA or RNA]
28
polymer of NUCLEIC ACID?
DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]
RNA [ribonucleic acid]
ATP [adenosine triphosphate]
28
- Smallest part of an organism
- Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
## Footnote
its two major classes?
cell
## Footnote
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
29
characteristic functions of the cell include?
1. cell metabolism & energy use
2. synthesis molecules
3. communication
4. reproduction & inheritance
30
- first person to term CELL.
- small empty chambers in the structure of cork as cells
Robert Hooke
31
plant and animal tissues were composed of cells
Matthias Schleiden
Theodore Schwann
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- theory of biogenesis
- cells only arise from pre-existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
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cell properties?
life's properties
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cell activities are dictated by ____, which determines ____.
1. structure (anatomy)
2. function (physiology)
35
- DNA is found inside the nucleus
- membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, golgi complex)
- mitosis (cell division)
Eukaryotes
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- DNA is not enclosed within the membrane
- lack membrane-enclosed organelles
- binary fission
prokaryotes
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molecular composition of cell according to:
1. water?
2. organic compounds?
3. protein?
1. 70-75%
2. 25-30%
3. 10-20%
## Footnote
organic compounds are: nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharids (carbohydrates, and lipids.
inroganics compounds account for the rest of the cell weight.
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have membrane bound nucleus & a number of other membrane-bound subcellular (internal) organelles.
Eukaryotic Cell
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cyto =
plasm =
cell
fluid
## Footnote
fluid filled interior cell
free floating
40
- between PLASMA MEMBRANE & NUCLEUS
- possess both organelles & other material constitutes
- 70-75% of cytosol
- suspends cell organelles rich in organic & inorganic compounds
Cytoplasm
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membrane-bound structures that carry out specific cell metabolic activities.
organelles
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- provides support for organelles
- serves as the VISCOUS FLUID MEDIUM
- soluble
- main site for GLYCOLYSIS
- responsible for various cellular processes: HMP shunt, amino acids and fatty acids synthesis
## Footnote
HMP - hexose monophosphate pathway
cytosol
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- enclose within a double membrane [NUCLEAR ENVELOPE]
- containes NUCLEOLUS
- CONTROL CENTER of the cell
Nucleus
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- consists of RNA
- RNA, protein, ribosomes synthesis
Nucleolus
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- surrounds CHROMATIN & NUCLEOLI
- contains the DNA for directing protein synthesis
Nucleoplasm
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- phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, protein, and some carbohydrates
- permeable boundary of the cell/ semi permeable/ physical barrier
- cell communication
- fluid & dynamic
## Footnote
most common lipids presents in this part of the cell?
mostly amphipathic (hydrophilic & hydrophobic)
Plasma membrane
## Footnote
phospholipids
47
- powerhouse of the cell
- double-membrane bound organelles w/ circular strands of DNA
- responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP
Mitochondria
48
- pore forming protein in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
- make the outer membrane highly permeable to small molecules
porin
49
Intermembrane contains many proteins that participate in _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
50
the multipe folds projecting inwards in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
cristae
51
- elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures.
- sorting, packaging, secretion (lysosomes & peroxisomes
- modifies, packages, and sorts materials from ER in transport vesicles
## Footnote
1. transport cellular materials.
2. mature vesicles are called?
Golgi Apparatus
## Footnote
1. vesicles
2. secretory vesicles
52
**Membrane enclosed channels of endoplasmic reticulum** are called
cisternae
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involved in protein synthesis
## Footnote
complexes of RNA and protein
ribosomes and RER
## Footnote
ribosomes
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isolated SER is called?
microsomes
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SER in intestinal cells are involved in?
formation of triglycerides
56
SER in the ADRENAL CORTEX is the site of?
STEROID FORMATION
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- coated with ribosomes
- ribosomes are attached in cytoplasmic surfaces
- Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape
## Footnote
**Modifies, transports, and stores proteins** produces by attached ribosomes
RER
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Extensive interconnected membrane network **lacking ribosome**
SER
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- Spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the golgi apparatus
- contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
- acidic with a pH of 4.8
- digest microbes or materials by the cell.
- rich in HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
## Footnote
are also called SUICIDAL BAGS
lysosomes
## Footnote
macrophages are rich in lysosomes
60
- similar to the lysosome
- contains enzymes involved in the metabolism of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
Peroxisomes
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- Organized network of **protein filaments**
- Maintains **integral structural support and organization of cells**
## Footnote
3 types?
1. **maintain cell shape**.
2. give **mechanical support to structures** like the nucleus and plasma membrane.
3. **provides structural support**.
cytoskeleton
## Footnote
1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
62
- **most abundant organisms** on earth.
- **does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus**.
- surrounded by a **plasma membrane**.
- **no subcellular organelles**, only **infoldings of the plasma membrane**
- some have have tail-like flagella.
## Footnote
infoldings of the plasma membrane are called?
Prokaryotic Cell
## Footnote
Mesosomes
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condensed within the cytosol to form the nucleoid.
DNA
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Cell Membrane Transport:
1. Passive Transport (Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis)
2. Active Transport (Exocytosis, Endocytosis)
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diffusion that dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane unassisted.
Simple Diffusion
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diffusion that requires a protein carrier/ transport medium.
Facilitated Diffusion
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- diffusion of water point across a selectively permeable membrane.
- higher water potential to lower water potential
Osmosis
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movement of a substance from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration.
Diffusion
69
This type of cell membrane transport uses energy (ATP) provided by the cell
Active Transport Process
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- the bulk movement of substance o**ut of the cell by the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.**
- release of hormones and waste elimination
Exocytosis
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- bulk movement of substance into the cells by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.
## Footnote
1. engulfment of bacteria
2. enclosure of vesicles
Endocytosis
## Footnote
1. phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
72
- 90% or more of the life cycle of a typical cell are in this phase.
- longer phase of the cell cycle where the cell is active and preparing for cell division.
- Metabolic activities & cell preparation
## Footnote
two major part of cell cycle:
interphase
## Footnote
interphase & cell division
73
Interphase is divided into 3 subphase
GAP 1/ G1
SYNTHESIS/ S
GAP 2/ G2
74
the first gap phase – cell carries our **routine metabolic activities**
G1 (Gap 1)-Phase
75
DNA replicated (new DNA synthesized)
S (Synthesis)-Phase
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the cell prepares for the cell division.
G2 (Gap 2)-Phase
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Cell division involves 2 major events:
1. division of **nucleus to form two nuclei**
2. division of the **cytoplasm to form new cells.**
## Footnote
MITOSIS - division of nucleus
CYTOKINESIS - division of cytoplasm
78
MITOSIS
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
79
chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
Prophase
80
chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Metaphase
81
- begins in anaphase continues to telophase and ends on the following interphase
- formation of cleavage furrow or and identification of plasma membrane [first sign)
CYTOKINESIS
82
chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.
Anaphase
83
two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.
Telophase
