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HL Geography > P1 G LO1c > Flashcards

P1 G LO1c Flashcards

1
Q

social exclusion def (housing)

A

social exclusion = differential access to and quality of housing
- results in segregation

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2
Q

4 sections of urban morphology

A
  1. Central business district
    Mix of commercial and residential
  2. Twilight zone/ inner city
    Slums zone
  3. municipal/ public housing
    High density and sometimes high rise. built, operated and owned by govt = Affordable
  4. Suburban housing
    Low density housing
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3
Q

factors affecting location of housing

A
  • Physical factors
  • Land Values/ wealth and income
  • Family life cycle/ life stages
  • Ethnicity
  • Planning by authorities
  • Historical factors
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4
Q

how do physical factors affect location

A

Wealthier ppl live near attractive physical landscapes (high ground), poorer ppl near areas at risk of hazards (eg steep relief)

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5
Q

how does land value affect location

A

HICs: highest residential densities in inner-city areas
- Residential density in city centre low bc bid-rent
- Incr densities in suburban areas – decentralisation, dev of edge-of-town estates
- Paradox of poorest ppl located on expensive inner-city land – need to be close to employment

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6
Q

how does wealth and income affect location

A
  • Socio-economic status: social contracts eg caste system in India – determine social position in trad societies // western – employment and income
  • Lvl of income – ability to bid for choice locations
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7
Q

how does ethnicity affect location

A
  • Cultural differences between immigrants and existing residents = varying degrees of residential segregation
  • Visible ethnic minorities – spatial segregation
  • Clearly defined ethnic or racial areas
  • voluntary or involuntary segregation
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8
Q

positive of ethnic segregation 3

A
  • Reinforces cultural values/identities/lifestyle
  • A means of protection (ie greater political voice)
  • Provides culturally specific institutions
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9
Q

negative consequences of ethnic segregation 5

A
  • Divides groups from one another, excludes groups
  • Reduces social interaction between grps
  • Prevents social/economic advancement
  • Incr levels of fear/anxiety about unknown grps
  • Promotes discrimination/racism
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10
Q

example for ethnic segregation bangladeshi in london

A

Bangladeshi population in London
1960-1980: decentralisation of londons white pop to suburbs

Today: established network of businesses in Spitalfields – prosperous commercial zone in Tower Hamlets

Banglatown: restaurants and businesses tapping on lunchtime workers in nearby city – Curry hot spot and tourist attraction

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11
Q

why is there segregation upon immigrant arrival 5

A
  • late arrival to area
  • inability to speak local language
  • desire to maintain cultural identity
  • security in numbers –> stick tgt
  • poverty –> overcrowding
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12
Q

case study ethnic segregation case study chicago

A

one of the most segregated metropolitian areas in USA
- black white segregation in 2000 was 80.3 on dissimilarity index
- >1/5 foregin born, 10% immigrants from 1990s

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13
Q

what is ‘exit strategy’ in the context of segregation

A

incr minority and dramatic decline in white ppl – “white flight”
- charter grp percieves minorites to be socially undesirable and leaves

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14
Q

factors affecting location of urban residential areas

A
  • urban residential planning: policies and legislations by govt
  • historical factors
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15
Q

examples of lack of urban residential planning

A
  • “edge cities” gated communities of wealthy people
  • “white flight” moved to outer suburbs
  • rich resisting dev of afforable housing in their area
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16
Q

case study for historical factors for location of urban area

A

singapore
1822 raffles town plan – address growing disordeliness
- ethnic area segregation eg chinatown until 1960s

17
Q

when closing a para abt housing problems in HICs what do you write

A

perpetuates cycle of poverty and contributes to dereliction

18
Q

housing problems in HICs 2

A

homelessness and derelict housing, housing cost too high

derelict housing – abandoned, years of neglect, classified as substandard

19
Q

political causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs (+ example)

A
  • Privatisation of many nationalised activities and industries incl housing
  • Eg. UK – council housing sold to private developers (low inc ppl cannot afford)
20
Q

economic causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs (+ example)

A

Inflation: incr cost of living, no incr in wages
Deindustrialisation – massive employment

eg. UK – 2 mil manufacturing jobs lost betw 1951-1981 in inner cities, growth in tertiary did not incl less edu ppl w/o the skills req for those jobs

21
Q

Social causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs

A

Cycle of poverty: lower SES = long term unemployment, drug problems, debt = children work instead of get edu = low edu

22
Q

economic causes for derelict housing in HICs (2)

A

Inner city decline due to deindustrialisation:
cycle of disinvestment – physical and infrastructural impoverishment of neighbourhood – lack of maintenance

Suburban dereliction due to outmigration:
affluent ppl leave suburbs for countryside – local shops decline customers + comp from out of town superstores

23
Q

political causes for derelict housing in HICs

A

Inadequate institutional support:
lack of social and welfare services and aid
– perpetuates cycle of poverty and contributes to dereliction

24
Q

social cuases for derelict housing

A

Culture of poverty: children socialised into behaviours and attitudes perpetuating their inability to escape poverty eg vandalism, early school-leaving, crime

25
Q

housing problems in LICs

A
  1. Insufficient housing
  2. Sub-standard housing, Slum housing
  3. Dev of squatter settlements
  4. Urban deprivation
26
Q

strategies to manage housing problems in LICs 4+abcd

A
  1. demolition and eviction of informal housing
  2. relocation housing
  3. new towns
  4. self help housing
    a. upgrading infra
    b. site and services schemes
    c. core-housing schemes
    d. rural enterprise schemes
27
Q

housing problem strategies: demolition and eviction + limitation

A
  • Authorities giving permission to bulldoze informal housing (on land needed for competing uses)
  • Conflicts arise as ppl are displaced w/o alt housing
  • Shifts the problem instead of solving it – informal housing shifts elsewhere
28
Q

housing problem strategies: relocation housing + example + limitation

A
  • Provision of subsidised housing for residents of slums and squatter settlements
  • Usually low cost, high rise housing
  • Efficient – cheap & affordable housing within short time

eg HDB in SG

BUT only effective with sufficient planning and funds from govt (problems: inability to meet demand, inability to pay even subsidised costs)

29
Q

housing problem strategies: new towns

A
  • providing an overspill area for large cities
  • Self-contained, with social amenities so ppl dont need to go to central city
  • Highly accessible and well-connected

Eg Milton Keynes, UK (overspill area for London)

30
Q

housing problem strategies: self help housing +ex

A
  • co-investment: authorities assist residents to improve their living conditions
  • Legal ownership of land granted – residents own their homes

Not only LICs – HICs
eg UK implemented schemes for certain areas like Manchester

31
Q

self help housing: upgrading infra

A

govt invests in common infrastructure, improves water supply, roads, electricity etc

32
Q

self help housing: ‘sites&services’ schemes

A
  • authorities plan plots of land and install basic services, locals build own houses
  • gives autonomy over design
  • better for LEDCs w/o resources to provide housing
33
Q

self help housing: core housing schemes + example (incl limitation)

A

besides facilities, govt provides partially constructed house “skeleton”

Eg Dandora in Nairobi, kenya: core housing scheme provided homes for abt 100k by 1987 – baseline building standards led to incr costs – unaffordability of these homes

34
Q

self help housing: rural enterprise schemes

A
  • Improve living conditions of ppl in rural areas = decr R-U migration
  • employment related to rural skills eg weaving
  • Support via subsidies and training
  • Provision of edu and HC services

HL Geography (11 decks)

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