P1 G LO1c Flashcards
(34 cards)
social exclusion def (housing)
social exclusion = differential access to and quality of housing
- results in segregation
4 sections of urban morphology
- Central business district
Mix of commercial and residential - Twilight zone/ inner city
Slums zone - municipal/ public housing
High density and sometimes high rise. built, operated and owned by govt = Affordable - Suburban housing
Low density housing
factors affecting location of housing
- Physical factors
- Land Values/ wealth and income
- Family life cycle/ life stages
- Ethnicity
- Planning by authorities
- Historical factors
how do physical factors affect location
Wealthier ppl live near attractive physical landscapes (high ground), poorer ppl near areas at risk of hazards (eg steep relief)
how does land value affect location
HICs: highest residential densities in inner-city areas
- Residential density in city centre low bc bid-rent
- Incr densities in suburban areas – decentralisation, dev of edge-of-town estates
- Paradox of poorest ppl located on expensive inner-city land – need to be close to employment
how does wealth and income affect location
- Socio-economic status: social contracts eg caste system in India – determine social position in trad societies // western – employment and income
- Lvl of income – ability to bid for choice locations
how does ethnicity affect location
- Cultural differences between immigrants and existing residents = varying degrees of residential segregation
- Visible ethnic minorities – spatial segregation
- Clearly defined ethnic or racial areas
- voluntary or involuntary segregation
positive of ethnic segregation 3
- Reinforces cultural values/identities/lifestyle
- A means of protection (ie greater political voice)
- Provides culturally specific institutions
negative consequences of ethnic segregation 5
- Divides groups from one another, excludes groups
- Reduces social interaction between grps
- Prevents social/economic advancement
- Incr levels of fear/anxiety about unknown grps
- Promotes discrimination/racism
example for ethnic segregation bangladeshi in london
Bangladeshi population in London
1960-1980: decentralisation of londons white pop to suburbs
Today: established network of businesses in Spitalfields – prosperous commercial zone in Tower Hamlets
Banglatown: restaurants and businesses tapping on lunchtime workers in nearby city – Curry hot spot and tourist attraction
why is there segregation upon immigrant arrival 5
- late arrival to area
- inability to speak local language
- desire to maintain cultural identity
- security in numbers –> stick tgt
- poverty –> overcrowding
case study ethnic segregation case study chicago
one of the most segregated metropolitian areas in USA
- black white segregation in 2000 was 80.3 on dissimilarity index
- >1/5 foregin born, 10% immigrants from 1990s
what is ‘exit strategy’ in the context of segregation
incr minority and dramatic decline in white ppl – “white flight”
- charter grp percieves minorites to be socially undesirable and leaves
factors affecting location of urban residential areas
- urban residential planning: policies and legislations by govt
- historical factors
examples of lack of urban residential planning
- “edge cities” gated communities of wealthy people
- “white flight” moved to outer suburbs
- rich resisting dev of afforable housing in their area
case study for historical factors for location of urban area
singapore
1822 raffles town plan – address growing disordeliness
- ethnic area segregation eg chinatown until 1960s
when closing a para abt housing problems in HICs what do you write
perpetuates cycle of poverty and contributes to dereliction
housing problems in HICs 2
homelessness and derelict housing, housing cost too high
derelict housing – abandoned, years of neglect, classified as substandard
political causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs (+ example)
- Privatisation of many nationalised activities and industries incl housing
- Eg. UK – council housing sold to private developers (low inc ppl cannot afford)
economic causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs (+ example)
Inflation: incr cost of living, no incr in wages
Deindustrialisation – massive employment
eg. UK – 2 mil manufacturing jobs lost betw 1951-1981 in inner cities, growth in tertiary did not incl less edu ppl w/o the skills req for those jobs
Social causes for homelessness and high cost in HICs
Cycle of poverty: lower SES = long term unemployment, drug problems, debt = children work instead of get edu = low edu
economic causes for derelict housing in HICs (2)
Inner city decline due to deindustrialisation:
cycle of disinvestment – physical and infrastructural impoverishment of neighbourhood – lack of maintenance
Suburban dereliction due to outmigration:
affluent ppl leave suburbs for countryside – local shops decline customers + comp from out of town superstores
political causes for derelict housing in HICs
Inadequate institutional support:
lack of social and welfare services and aid
– perpetuates cycle of poverty and contributes to dereliction
social cuases for derelict housing
Culture of poverty: children socialised into behaviours and attitudes perpetuating their inability to escape poverty eg vandalism, early school-leaving, crime
