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HL Geography > unit 3 LO1 global trends in consumption > Flashcards

unit 3 LO1 global trends in consumption Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what is a resource

A

something that has utility and value within the context of politicas, culture and economics

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2
Q

why incr middle class

A
  • incr avg incomes
  • decr ppl living in absolute poverty
    2009 1.8 bil middle classers
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3
Q

how is the incr middle class important economically

A

incr sales of goods
- electrical goods
- mobile phones
- cars

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4
Q

middle class min. and why some may still be vulnerable

A

$4/day
- vulnerable to underemployment and unemployment
- informal activity workers – no social or economic security

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5
Q

what is ecological footprint

A

peoples impact on the environment

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6
Q

how is ecological footprint calculated

A

total area of productive land and sea req per person
tp meet their food, energy, raw mat, water and waste disposal needs

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7
Q

unit for ecological footprint

A

gha (global hectares)

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8
Q

country depth of ecological footprint is measured by 3

A
  1. rate of pop growht
  2. levels of dev and consumption
  3. nature of avail. tech
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9
Q

purpose of EF

A

model for monitoring environmental impact
- allows direct comparisons betw grps and indivs, hics and lics

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10
Q

factors used in a full ecological footprint calc

A
  • bioproductive land (currently used)
  • bioproductive sea
  • energy land
  • built land
    -biodiversity land
  • non prod land
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11
Q

how countries incr EF

A
  • reliance on FFs
  • high lvls of imported resources (Transport)
  • large per capita food consumption
  • large per capita prod of carbon waste
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12
Q

how does country decr EF

A
  • improving efficiency of resource use
  • reducing mat of pollution prod
  • reducing population – decr resource use
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13
Q

EF of LICs vs HICs

A

LIC
SMALLER EF – less resource consumption

HIC
consumption and demand for energy resources are high (meat eating diet!!!)

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14
Q

how does meat eating diet in HIC incr EF

A
  • grain prod higher
  • GH gas emmisions from agri (betw 5.1-6.1 billion tonnes of GH gases, 10-12% annually)
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15
Q

4 ways to follow a sustainable dev pathway

A
  1. improve efficiency (Resource use)
  2. reduing consumption levels (HICs)
  3. maintain/enhance biodiversity and productivity – prot natural ecosystems
  4. control pop growth – edu, hc
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16
Q

differences in how HICs NICs and LICs use water

A
  • industrial – food, drink, textiles
  • domestic use
  • agri use
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17
Q

factors that lead to incr water consumption

A
  • growing middle class (incr afflucence)
  • growth of tourism and recreation (eg golf courses)
  • urbanisation
  • climate change (fresh water supply affected)
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18
Q

what is virtual/embedded water

A
  • the way water is transferred from one country to another thru exports
  • hidden flow of water when commodities are traded from one place to another
    INDIRECT USE
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19
Q

product with greatest virtual water consumption

A

meat
- hamburger – 2400 litres

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20
Q

change in diet leading to higher consumption (LIC –> MIC)

Study These Flashcards
A

away from cereals
towards more varied: meat, veg, dairy

21
Q

methods to incr crop production

Study These Flashcards
A
  • expanding farming area
  • multicropping – irrigation
  • high-yielding varieties / GMO
22
Q

reasons for energy insecurtiy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • over reliance on oil/fossil fuels
  • incr demand esp from NICs
  • decreased supply reserves
  • global warming, natural disasters
23
Q

non renewable energy sources: coal and its impacts

Study These Flashcards
A

biggest reserves in USA russia aus china india indonesia germany ukraine

strip mining
- destroys habitats, displaces wildlife, causes soil erosion
- direct extraction= land subsidence when mines collapse
- acid drainage (oxidation of sulfur in coal –> sulfuric acid) –> polluting, hazardous for water sources

24
Q

non renewable: crude oil

Study These Flashcards
A

2016 prod 96mil barrels/day, demand 98
- future demand by china and india – pop growth, econ dev

25
what is OPEC
intergovt org -- of 14 oil exporting nations - coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries
26
non renewable: natural gas
naturally occuring hydrocarbon gas mixture - formed when decomp plant and animal matter + high heat and pressuse for mils years - consumption of is relatively constant (not incr like coal and oil) - lowest neg impact on enviro
27
advantages of fossil fuels
- relatively cheap and plentiful - advanced tech = safe extraction - no other energy source produces this MUCH energy gromit - oil can be delivered over long dist -- pipeline
28
disadvantages of fossil fuels
- global warming, GH gases - unsustainable: non renewable - will become harder to extract - air pollution (smoke, co2, particles) - acid rain (so2 and nitrogen oxides)
29
alternative energy sources: hydroelectricity
production of elec by generators that are pushed by movement of water - dams block water flow = large artificial lakes - turbine converts KE of falling water --> mechanical energy - generator: mechanical e --> electrical e
30
benefits of hydroelec
- renewable - no gh gases released = non polluting - low operation and maintenece cost - reliable - flexible: incr/decr acc to needs - safer - multi-purpose (can also be for irrigation, recreation eg boating) - aids downstream flood control
31
limitations of hydroelec
- high cost of building - loss of fish habitat downstream, flooding of wildlife habitat - changes in water quality (sedimentation) - relocation of ppl upstream (flooding) --> displacement - incr erosion downstream - water lost -- incr evaporation
32
renewable e: solar e
- tech used to harness suns e - solar panels -- indiv solar cells on panels - larger scale: solar-thermal power plants heat used to boil water = drives steam turbine
33
benefits of solar e
- no operating costs - inexhaustible supply - much cheaper for heating homes - pollution free - works well in remote areas -- plenty of sunlight
34
limitations of solar e
- high initial installation cost - requires professional installation for large scale panels - substantial sapce required (unsuitable for dense reisdential) - sunglight availiablity fluctuates thru the day, limited effectivenss during winter
35
renewable energy: wind energy
- air flow thru wind turbines - mechanical power to turn electric generators - energy generated thru electromagneticism --> supplied to electrical grid
36
benefits of wind energy
- little maintainence required - no co2 emissons, non pollutive - sustainable resource - prices of turbine equipment and installation decr over recent years
37
limitations of wind energy
- unpredictability of wind e - cost of initial deployment - low energy output - large unobstructed area required
38
tidal energy renewble energy source
form of hydropower - coverts e from tides into useful forms of power -- electricity - not widely used, has potential
39
benefits of tidal energy
- renewable - efficient energy source (Efficiency 80%) - predictability : tides cyclic rise and fall - does not prod emissions
40
limitations of tidal energy
- expensive initial cost - construction my damage enviro: turbine frames may disrupt marine ecosystems - places prod e far from places needing it -- less cost effective - salt water = corrosion of metal parts - mechanical fluids could leak out - damage marine life
41
geothermal energy renewable source
thermal e generated and stored in the earth - water pumped into underground pipes - geothermal heat heats it - heated water heats buildings
42
benefits of geothermal energy
- environmentally friendly -- not significant amt of pollution - geothermal resevoirs naturally replenished - does not involve fuels --> less cost fluctuation - plants built partially underground --> saves space - new tech adv --> geothermal resources exploitable, decr cost
43
limitations geothermal energy
- earthquakes -- damage to plants - heavy upfront costs - only sustainable if resevoirs are properly managed
44
biomass energy
biomass: waste material from plants, animals not used for food or feed - org waste decomposes -- gives off methane gas, which can be burned
45
benefits of biomass energy
- no harmful co2 emissions - products ar eabundant and renewable - reduces landfill use
46
limitations of biomass energy
- inefficient compared to fossil fuels - detrimental to enviro (incr methane gas) - requires large area of land - rate of harvest lower than rate of replacement
47
nuclear power
use of nuclear reactions -- release nuclear e to generate heat --> steam turbines to gen electricity - 6% world energy, 14% worlds electricity - over 400 reactors in operation worldwide
48
benefits of nuclear power
- does not emit co2 - readily availiable tech - large amt of electrical e - very efficient compared to FF - inexpensive - minimal waste produced
49
limitations of nuclear power
- waste is extremely dangerous (chernobyl 1986) - uranium (energy source) is scarce and non-renewable - time needed to plan and construct a plant is 20-30y

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