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Physics iGCSE > P1 - Motion > Flashcards

P1 - Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate at which velocity changes

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2
Q

Acceleration formula

A

acceleration = (final velocity-initial velocity) /time
a = (v-u)/t

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3
Q

Deceleration

A

A decrease in speed

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4
Q

What does a velocity-time graph show?

A

A velocity-time graph shows how the velocity of a moving object varies with time
- if the object is moving at a constant acceleration/deceleration
- the magnitude of the acceleration / deceleration

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5
Q

Straight line (velocity-time graph)

A

represents constant speed

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6
Q

Slope of a line (velocity-time graph)

A

magnitude/rate of the acceleration

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7
Q

Velocity

A

the speed of an object in a particular direction

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8
Q

Velocity formula

A

Displacement / time

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9
Q

Steep slope (velocity-time graph)

A

A steep slope means large acceleration (or deceleration)

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10
Q

Gentle slope (velocity-time graph)

A

A gentle slope means small acceleration and small change in velocity

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11
Q

Downward slope (velocity-time graph)

A

decreasing velocity (deceleration)

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12
Q

Horizontal/flat line (velocity-time graph)

A

A flat line means the acceleration is zero - i.e. the object is moving with a constant velocity

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13
Q

Average speed

A

total distance / total time

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14
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Objects in motion tend to stay In motion. Objects at rest tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force

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15
Q

Newton’s second law

A

The acceleration produced by a net force is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Force = Mass x Acceleration

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16
Q

Newton’s third law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
When object A pushes on object B, object B will exert and equal and opposite force on object A

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17
Q

Centre of Mass

A

The point at which the mass of an object is thought to be concentrated

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of balance (usually between two forces)

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19
Q

Moment

A

The turning effect of a force about a pivot

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20
Q

Pivot

A

A fixed point that the object can rotate around

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21
Q

Moment formula

A

Moment(Nm) = Force(N) x perpendicular distance from pivot(m)
M = Fd

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of moments

A
  • door handle
  • wheel barrow
  • seesaw
  • shovel
  • crowbar
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23
Q

Principle of moments

A

If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot

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24
Q

What condition must be met for an object to be in equilibrium?

A
  • The forces on the object must be balanced
  • There must be no resultant force
    - The sum of clockwise moments on the object must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments
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25
Q

Finding the centre of mass for a symmetrical object

A

The centre of gravity is located at the point of symmetry (find all lines of symmetry, where they cross is the centre of mass)

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26
Q

Explain how we can find the centre of mass for irregular shapes (4 steps)

A

1) The irregular shape (a plane laminar) is suspended from a pivot and allowed to settle
2) A plumb line (lead weight) is then held next to the pivot and a pencil is used to draw a vertical line from the pivot (the centre of gravity must be somewhere on this line)
3) The process is then repeated, suspending the shape from two different points
4) The centre of gravity is located at the point where all three lines cross

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27
Q

Explain why we can find the centre of mass for irregular shapes

A

When an object is suspended from a point, the object will always settle so that its centre of gravity comes to rest below the pivoting point

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28
Q

Density

A

The mass per unit volume of a material
- It tells us how tightly matter is packed together

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29
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space an object takes up

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30
Q

Sinking

A

To move downward below the surface of a liquid

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31
Q

Float

A

Remaining suspended in a liquid

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32
Q

Regular object

A

Any object that has even sides and smooth edges

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33
Q

Irregular object

A

Materials that are uneven in shape

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34
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape and volume

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35
Q

Low density relation to mass

A

Objects made from low density materials typically have a low mass

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36
Q

High density relation to mass

A

Similarly sized objects made from high density materials have a high mass

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37
Q

When does an object float?

A
  • If the upthrust on an object is equal to (or greater than) the object’s weight, then the object will float
  • If it has a density less than the density of the fluid it is immersed in, the object will float
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38
Q

When does an object sink?

A
  • If the upthrust is smaller than the weight then the object will sink
  • If it has a density more than the density of the fluid it is immersed in, the object will sink
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39
Q

Density formula

A

Density(kg/m3) = mass(kg)/volume(m3)
p = m/V

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40
Q

Measuring the density of regular objects (3 steps)

A

1) Place the object on a digital balance and note down its mass
2) Use ruler, Vernier calipers or micrometer to measure the object’s dimensions (width, height, length, radius)
3) Repeat these measurements and take an average of these readings before calculating the density

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41
Q

Measuring the density of irregular objects (6 steps)

A

1) Place the object on a digital balance and note down its mass
2) Fill the eureka can with water up to a point just below the spout
3) Place an empty measuring cylinder below its spout
4) Carefully lower the object into the eureka can
5) Measure the volume of the displaced water in the measuring cylinder
6) Repeat these measurements and take an average before calculating the density

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42
Q

What is the theorem for measuring the density of irregular objects?

A

Archimedes principle (Eureka!)

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43
Q

Hooke’s law

A

When an elastic object is stretched it’s extension (x) is directly proportional to the force (F) applied to it

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44
Q

Elastic

A

An object which when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length

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45
Q

Inelastic

A

Not elastic

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46
Q

Extension

A

Extension happens when an object increases in length
- The extension of the spring is determined by how much it has increased in length

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47
Q

Stiffness

A

A material’s resistance to deformation

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48
Q

Spring constant

A

A parameter that is a measure of a spring’s resistance to being compressed or stretched

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49
Q

How does the steepness of line on a force and extension effect the stiffness of a spring?

A
  • Very steep (full force): stiff spring
  • Quite steep (full force): softer spring
  • Shallow (full force): even softer spring
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50
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The limit beyond which, when a wire or spring is stretched, its extension is no longer proportional to the force that stretches it (Hooke’s law is no longer applied)

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51
Q

Hooke’s law formula

A

Force(N) = spring constant(N/m) x extension(m)
F=kx

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52
Q

How does the spring constant effect the extension?

A

k is measure of the stiffness of the spring or material. The higher the value of k the stiffer the spring. Materials with a high k need a large force to for a given extension.

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53
Q

Newton’s Second Law formula

A

Force(N) = mass(kg) x acceleration(m/s2)

54
Q

Acceleration formula

A

acceleration = force/mass

55
Q

Mass formula

Mass formula

A

mass = force/acceleration

56
Q

Mass

A

Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the observer

57
Q

Weight

A

Weight is a gravitational force on an object with mass

58
Q

Pressure

A

The concentration of a force or the force per unit area

59
Q

How does mass affect inertia?

A

Mass is the property of an object that resists change in motion
- greater the mass of an object, the more difficult it is to speed it up, slow it down, or change its direction
- greater inertia

60
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

The force per unit mass acting on an object in a gravitational field

61
Q

Formula for Weight

A

Weight(N) = mass(kg) x gravity(N/kg)
W = mg

62
Q

Formula for mass (using gravity and weight)

A

Mass(kg) = Weight(N)/gravity(N/kg)
m = W/g

63
Q

What is the approximate gravitational field strength of Earth?

A

9.8 N/kg

64
Q

Formula for gravitational field strength

A

gravity = weight (N) / mass (kg)
g = W/m

65
Q

Explain the pressure of a pin

A

It is pushed into the surface, rather than up towards the finger
- This is because the sharp point is more concentrated (a small area) creating a larger pressure towards the surface

66
Q

Formula of Pressure

A

pressure(pa) =force(N)/area(m2)
P=F/A

67
Q

How does the surface area affect pressure?

A
  • If a force is spread over a large area it will result in a small pressure
  • If it is spread over a small area it will result in a large pressure
68
Q

What does pressure depend on (2)?

A
  • How much force is applied
  • How big (or small) the area is on which the force is applied
69
Q

Force

A

A push or a pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object

70
Q

Non-contact force

A

A force which acts at a distance, without any contact between bodies, due to the action of a field

71
Q

Contact force

A

A force which acts between objects that are physically touching

72
Q

Balanced force

A

Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions

73
Q

Unbalanced force

A

Forces that produce a nonzero net force, which changes an object’s motion

74
Q

Force formula

A

Force = mass x acceleration

75
Q

How can forces effect an object (3)?

A
  • Changes in speed: forces can cause bodies to speed up or slow down
  • Changes in direction: forces can cause bodies to change their direction of travel
  • Changes in shape: forces can cause bodies to stretch, compress, or deform
76
Q

List the non contact forces (3)

A
  • Gravitational force
  • Electrostatic force
  • Magnetic force
77
Q

List the contact forces (5)

A
  • Friction
  • Tension
  • Air Resistance
  • Normal force
  • Upthrust
78
Q

Electrostatic force

A

A force experienced by charged objects which can be attractive or repulsive
* For example, the attraction between a proton and an electron

79
Q

Air resistance (drag)

A

The friction of the air on a moving object

80
Q

Weight

A

The name given to the force of gravity on a mass

81
Q

Thrust

A

The force causing an object to move (such as the force from a rocket engine)

82
Q

Upthrust

A

The force of a fluid (such as water) pushing an object upwards (making it float)

83
Q

Compression

A

Forces that act inward on an object, squeezing it

84
Q

Tension

A

Force transmitted through a cable or a string when pulled on by forces acting on its opposite ends

85
Q

Reaction force

A

Force acting in the opposite direction to the action force

86
Q

Action force

A

The initial push or pull of one object on another object

87
Q

Normal force

A

The force perpendicular to a surface that prevents an object from falling through the surface

88
Q

Newtonmeter

A

A device to measure force

89
Q

Free-body diagrams

A

Diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object

90
Q

Resultant force (net force)

A

A resultant force is a single force that describes all of the forces operating on a body

91
Q

How to calculate the resultant force?

A

Resultant forces can be calculated by adding or subtracting all of the forces acting on the object
- Forces working in opposite directions are subtracted from each other
- Forces working in the same direction are added together

92
Q

Gradient

A

A rate of inclination in speed; a slope

93
Q

Stationary (distance-time graph)

A

Non-changing distance (horizontal line to x axis)

94
Q

Constant speed (distance-time graph)

A

Moving at a steady rate over time

95
Q

Steep slope (distance-time graph)

A

Object is moving at a large speed

96
Q

Shallow slope (distance-time graph)

A

object is moving at a small speed

97
Q

What does the slope of a straight line represent (distance-time graph)?

A

The slope of the straight line represents the magnitude of the speed

98
Q

What does the slope of a curved line represent (distance-time graph)?

A

The object is moving at a changing speed

99
Q

Outwards curve (distance-time graph)

A

Gradually decreasing speed (decelerate)

100
Q

Inwards curve (distance-time graph)

A

Gradually increasing speed (accelerate)

101
Q

Gradient formula (distance-time graph)

A

rise/run (change in y axis/change in x axis)

102
Q

Declining straight line (distance-time graph)

A

The object is moving closer to its starting position

103
Q

Speed

A

The distance an object travels per unit of time

104
Q

Distance

A

How far an object moves or the length between two objects

105
Q

Metres

A

the measurement of distance (m)

106
Q

Seconds

A

the measurement of time

107
Q

Scalars

A

quantities that have only a magnitude (do not include direction)

108
Q

Vectors

A

quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction

109
Q

Give examples of vectors (name 3)

A

displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum

110
Q

Give examples of scalars (name 3)

A

distance, speed, time, mass, energy, power, work

111
Q

Momentum formula

A

mass x velocity (p=mv)

112
Q

Power

A

The rate at which work is done

113
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work or cause change

114
Q

Displacement

A

Distance and direction of an object’s change in position from the starting point (final position - initial position)

115
Q

Formula for speed

A

speed(m/s) = distance(m)/time(s)

116
Q

Formula for distance

A

distance(m) = speed(m/s) x time(s)

117
Q

Formula for time

A

time(s) = distance(m)/speed(m/s)

118
Q

Micrometer

A

A micrometer is used as a piece of measuring instrument for making precise linear measurements
- it is very useful to determine some tiny dimensions such as thickness, diameter, and lengths of solid bodies

119
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a value is to the known value

120
Q

Percision

A

How close two measurements are to each other

121
Q

Calipers

A

A pinching instrument used for determining the thickness of objects or the distance between surfaces

122
Q

Error

A

The difference between the experimental value and the accepted value

123
Q

Thimble

A

The lower measuring part of the micrometer which can help advance the spindle

124
Q

Ammeters

A

measure the flow of current through a circuit

125
Q

Voltmeters

A

measure voltage

126
Q

Measuring cylinder

A

to measure the volume of a liquid

127
Q

Analogue clocks

A

physically quantified portrayal of time (a watch)

128
Q

Digital clocks

A

digitally / non-physical portrayal of time (smart phone)

129
Q

How to measure the period of a pendulum? (3 steps)

A

1) Set up a pendulum using the clamp and stand. Use the G-clamp to fasten the bottom of the stand to the bench so that it does not fall over when the pendulum swings.
2) The period of a pendulum is the time for one complete swing. Swing the pendulum and measure its period. Repeat this three times for each length.
3) Repeat for five different lengths, recording your results in the table

130
Q

Friction

A

A force that works in opposition to the motion of an object
- slows down the motion of the object
- energy is transferred to heat: rises temperature

131
Q

Freefall

A

The law that in the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration
- The acceleration of free fall states that: for every second an object falls, its velocity will increase by 9.8 m/s

Physics iGCSE (6 decks)

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