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Physics > P1D- Forces, energy, work, power and pressure > Flashcards

P1D- Forces, energy, work, power and pressure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a force

A

A force is a push or pull.

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2
Q

What are forces measured in

A

Newtons (N)

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3
Q

What effects can forces have

A

pushing, pulling, bending, stretching, squeezing tearing

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4
Q

What can forces do

A

change the size of an object

change the motion of an object

change the shape of an object

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5
Q

what are some examples of Non contact forces

A

Gravity
Magnetism
Electrostatic

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6
Q

What are some examples of Contact forces

A

friction
drag (air resistance)
upthrust
tension

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7
Q

What makes a force balanced?

A

Forces are balanced when they are equal in size and opposite in direction, causing no change in motion.

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8
Q

What are electrostatic forces

A

those between charges such as electrons. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract

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9
Q

What two factors determines whether a force will cause the object will move and the direction it does so?

A

The size and directions of forces

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10
Q

what is the resultant force

A

the added up force that represents the combined effect of all forces acting on an object.

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11
Q

What does zero resultant force mean

A

object is at equilibrium

no acceleration- constant speed/stationary

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12
Q

the ________ varies with the load attached to it (______)

A

extension, force

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13
Q

What is the limit of proportionality

A

the point at which the extension is no longer proportional to the load- material starts behaving unpredictably.

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14
Q

Whats an experiment to show hooke’s law?

A
  1. assemble the apparatus: ruler, spring, stand, clamp, masses
  2. take the first mass which consists of the hook and the base blate (100g) and measure the new position of the bottom end of the spring of the ruler. The difference in the reasings is the extension of the spring
  3. add masses one by one to the first one.
  4. Calculate the extension and plot a graph of extension
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15
Q

how is the graph drawn for hooke’s law

A

force (mass x gravity)- on the y axis

extension- on the x axis

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16
Q

what is a spring that obeys hookes law known to perform

A

proportional behaviour

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17
Q

equation for hooke’s law

A

force (F)= spring constant (k) x extension of spring (x)

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18
Q

what is friction

A

a force that opposes motion

e.g air resistance

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19
Q

where can friction be useful

A

bicycle wheels and bicycle brake pads

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20
Q

what do forces have to be for an objects speed or direction of movement to change

A

unbalanced

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21
Q

Newtons second law equation

A

F=ma

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22
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Objects will remain at rest or move with a constant velocity unless acted on by resultant forces

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23
Q

Newton’s second law

A

The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to the objects mass (F=ma)

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24
Q

for the equation to apply what conditions must ‘force’ and ‘mass’ meet?

A

mass is constant

force is constant

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25
mass should always be in ______
kgs/g
26
whats newtons third law
for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
27
what is a moment
the turning effect produced when a force is exerted on an object
28
Examples of moments
door and door hinge see saws
29
formula for moment of a force
size of moment (Nm): force (N) x perpendicular distance from pivot moment (m) Fd
30
what does it mean if an object is not turning
the sum of clockwise moments about any pivot equals the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same pivot
31
what is equilibrium
a state of balance or stability: no resultant force no resultant moment
32
what should you always include after writing the size of moment
clockwise/anticlockwise
33
what is the centre of mass
the point through which the weight of an object acts
34
How do you find the centre of mass of simple objects such as a piece of card
1. hang up the object 2. suspend a mass from the same place 3. mark the position of the thread 4. the centre of mass is somewhere along the line of the threat 5. repear steps 1-3 with the object suspended from a different place 6. the centre of mass is where the two lines meet
35
when is an object stable
when its centre of gravity lies above its base
36
where is the centre of gravity of a symmetrical object
at the point of symmetry
37
when is an object considered in stable equilibrium
when its difficult to topple
38
what is pressure
the ratio of force to area.
39
the equation for pressure
p=F/A pressure measure in pascals force: newtons area: m^2
40
when is work done
when the application of a force results in movement
41
what does the amount of work done depend on
the magnitude of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force
42
What is the equation for work done
Work (joules/ Nm)= Force (N) x distance moved in the direction of force (m)
43
how can work done be calculated when object is lifted vertically
the force moved is the weight of object distance is the height (vertical distance)
44
When is more work done
when the mass is bigger or the object is raised further
45
what is potential energy
stored or hidden energy
46
when does a spring have elastic potential energy
when a spring is compressed or stretched
47
what can potential energy be transferred to
an object and make it move so give it kinetic energy
48
where can kinetic and potential energy be seen
energy transfers during the swing of a pendulum
49
an object gains ___________ potential energy as it gains __________. _________ has to be done to increase the height of the object above the ground. Therefore ________ in gravitational _________ energy = _____ ______ on that object against gravity.
gravitational height work gain potential work done
50
formula for gravitational potential energy
potential energy (J) mgh - m=mass (kg/g) g= acceleration due to gravity h=height (m)
51
formula for kinetic energy
k.e (j) = 1/2mv^2 m= mass (kg/g) v= velocity (m/s)
52
what does the principle of conservation of energy state
energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred from one store to the other
53
energy can be _________ (spread out) to the _________ by heating and ___________
dissipated surroundings radiation
54
what is power
work done per unit time (energy transferred per unit time)
55
power formula
change in energy/time or work done/ time
56
what is power measured in
watts
57
what is energy efficiency
the ratio of the useful power or energy output from a system to its total power or energy input.
58
formula for energy efficiency
useful energy/total energy x 100
59
what should the total amount of energy transferred into the system equal to
the total amount of energy transferred away from the system
60
What is chemical potential energy?
It is energy stored in chemical bonds, such as in fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
61
How is energy released from fuels?
Through combustion, where chemical bonds are broken, releasing heat energy.
62
How do waves generate energy?
The movement of waves drives turbines, which convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.
63
What is tidal energy?
Energy generated from the movement of water caused by tides, often using tidal barrages or underwater turbines.
64
Name one advantage of tidal energy.
It is renewable and predictable.
65
Name one disadvantage of wave energy
It can disrupt marine ecosystems and is location-dependent.
66
What is geothermal energy?
Energy from the heat stored in the Earth's crust.
67
How is geothermal energy harnessed?
By using steam or hot water from underground to turn turbines and generate electricity.
68
Name one advantage of geothermal energy.
It is renewable and produces low emissions.
69
Name one disadvantage of geothermal energy.
It is limited to regions with geothermal activity.
70
How is nuclear energy generated?
By splitting atoms (nuclear fission) in a reactor to release heat, which produces steam to drive turbines.
71
What is one advantage of nuclear energy?
It produces large amounts of energy with no greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
72
What is one disadvantage of nuclear energy?
It generates radioactive waste that needs to be safely stored.
73
How is solar energy harnessed?
Using solar panels (photovoltaic cells) to convert sunlight into electricity or solar heaters for heat.
74
Name one advantage of solar energy.
It is renewable and abundant in sunny areas.
75
Name one disadvantage of solar energy.
It is weather-dependent and requires large areas for panels.
76
How is wind energy generated?
By using wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of moving air into electrical energy.
77
What is one advantage of wind energy?
It is renewable and produces no greenhouse gas emissions.
78
What is one disadvantage of wind energy?
It is intermittent and depends on wind availability.
79
_________ energy -> ___________ energy -> __________ energy
potential kinetic electrical/elastic

Physics (3 decks)

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