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P2 (Thermal physics) Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of a solid

A

-High density

-Fixed volume, cannot be compressed

-Fixed shape

-Cannot flow

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2
Q

Properties of liquids

A

-High density

-Can flow

-Fixed volume, cannot be compressed

-Takes the shape of the container

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3
Q

Properties of gases

A

high density

Flows very quickly

Can be compressed

Fills up the volume of the whole container

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4
Q

Molecular structure of solids

A

arrangement:

-regularly arranged
-closely packed together
-Held in place by strong attractive forces

movement:
-Vibrate in place

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5
Q

Molecular structure of liquids

A

arrangement:

-closely packed as in solids (thus not compressible)
- irregular, random pattern

movement:

slide past each other due to weaker imf than solid (thus liquids can flow and fill a container)

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6
Q

Molecular structure of gases

A

arrangement:

far apart- more kinetic energy

randomly arranged

movement:

-flow quickly from place to place

-unlike liquids they fill the container

-move in straight line until collisions

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7
Q

What happens to its particles as a gas cools?

A

slow down- eventually they will become closer and move slower so that forces can form between them

It becomes a liquid

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8
Q

What happens to its particles as a liquid cools?

A

slow down- the particles lose enough energy to form a fixed structure- its become a solid

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9
Q

What happens to its particles as a solid cools?

A

vibrations become smaller and smaller

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10
Q

What is the pressure of a gas caused by?

A

The huge number of tiny collisions happening between the gas particles and the walls of the container

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11
Q

Increasing the rate of _________ will increase the pressure

A

Collisions

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12
Q

What relationship does temperature and pressure have?

A

directly proportional

Temp ⬆️ pressure ⬆️
Temp ⬇️ pressure ⬇️

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13
Q

What relationship does volume and pressure have?

A

inversely proportional

Volume ⬆️ pressure ⬇️
Volume ⬇️ pressure ⬆️

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14
Q

What is brownian motion

A

The random, continuous movement of microscopic particles in a fluid (liquid or gas), caused by collisions with smaller, fast-moving molecules.

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15
Q

What can brownian motion be proved with?

A

tiny particles contained in pollen grains move around randomly when floating on water (where water molecules were moving the particles around)

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16
Q

What are the two methods for observing brownian motion?

A

-suspension in water

-smoke cell

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17
Q

explain the suspension in water method

A

equipment:

some microscope slides
very finely ground carbon powder
water
a dropper
an optical microscope.

Method:

Mix a small quantity of very fine carbon powder and water.

Prepare a microscope slide with a single drop of the suspension.

Observe the behaviour of the carbon particles in the water using a microscope.

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18
Q

Explain the smoke cell method of observing brownian motion

A

equipment:

a light source, such as a lamp or torch

a smoke cell or a clear container with a lid

a piece of card or paper straw

a match or lighter

an optical microscope.

method:

Use a flame to set alight a small piece of card or a paper straw.

Blow out the card/straw and direct some smoke into a smoke cell (Glass chamber with illuminated smoke particles) .

Observe the behaviour of the smoke inside the chamber using a microscope.

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19
Q

What are the results of the smoke cell and water suspension method

A

Carbon particles move around inside the liquid water in a random pattern due to impacts with water molecules which are moving rapidly.

Smoke particles show similar behaviour when they are suspended in the air due to fast air molecules colliding with them.

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20
Q

What states of matter can brownian motion be observed in

A

liquids and gases - as the particles are free to move and collide with smaller, visible particles

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21
Q

As the temperature of a gas increases, the particles move ________. there fore they collide with walls of the container with more __________ and more ________

A

faster
force
frequently

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22
Q

What does the increase in movement of particles cause

A

objects or materials to become slightly larger as they are warmed up

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23
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

the increase in the size of a solid, liquid, or gas when its temperature rises due to particle movement increasing and spreading further apart.

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24
Q

How big is the force produced by a solid material?

A

very large

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25
Whats an example of thermal expansion in solids in real life
A long piece of metal, such as a railway line, can bend because of the large forces produced when it heats up on a sunny day.
26
What are some methods of investigating thermal expansion?
Bimetallic strip Flask of liquid
27
Explain the flask of liquid method to investigate thermal expansion
equipment: a round-bottomed or conical flask a holder for the flask so it can sit upright food colouring a stopper for the flask that has a capillary tube inserted through it a marker pen. 1. Fill the flask to the brim with water. 2. Add some food colouring to the water. 3. Insert the stopper into the flask so that some of the water rises up the capillary tube. 4. Rest the flask on its holder and use the marker pen to record the height of the fluid in the capillary tube when the liquid is cool. 5. Hold the flask in your hands for 2 minutes, warming the water. Observe any changes in the height of the water in the capillary tube.
28
Explain the Bimetallic strip method to investigate thermal expansion
equipment: bimetallic strip containing a layer of brass and a layer of steel Bunsen burner heatproof glove or tongs suitable heatproof mat to lay the strip down. Method: 1. Heat the bimetallic strip strongly in a Bunsen burner flame with the brass layer downwards towards the flame. 2. Observe any changes in the shape of the strip. 3. Allow the strip to cool and observe how it changes shape. 4. Once the strip is straight again, repeat the experiment but place the steel layer downwards towards the flame
29
what is a real life application of the liquid in flask method?
Thermometers: rely on the expansion of liquids to measure temperature It consists of a thin glass capillary tube containing a liquids that expands with temperature
30
Whats a real life application of the bimetallic strip method?
Temperature activated switches- consists of two metals that expand at different rates and bends by a predictable amount at a given temp.
31
Whats a real life example of thermal expansion in gases?
hot air balloon: When the air inside the balloon is heated, the gas particles move faster and spread out, causing the air to expand. This makes the air less dense than the cooler air outside, causing the balloon to rise.
32
What happens when water boils?
The liquid starts to change into a gas throughout, which results in bubbles of gas forming inside the liquid. When boiling, the liquid does not get any hotter. Water stays at 100 °C until it has all boiled away.
33
What increases when a material heated?
its internal energy - we normally see a temp rise or a change of state
34
What is the melting point, freezing point and boiling point of water?
0,0, 100 C
35
What happens as a gas cools and reaches boiling point?
temp decrease stops. The arrangement of molecules changes and condensation occurs
36
What is condensation?
When the molecules in a gas form stronger forces between themselves and end up much closer together,forming a liquid
37
What happens as liquid cools to its melting point
the forces between the molecules become much stronger and they can no longer move about. Instead, they end up in fixed positions. Freezing happens
38
What is evaporation?
the process by which a liquid turns into a gas at the surface, below its boiling point
39
What happens when liquid evaporates?
faster-moving particles near the liquid's surface escape into the air, reducing the liquid's volume over time. Slower particles remain, as only the fastest can escape.
40
What happens to the mean speed of the remaining particles in a liquid after evaporation?
decreases- the fastest particles escape first. This means that the speed thus temperature of the remaining liquid decreases
41
What factors affect the rate of evaporation?
Temperature : Increases kinetic energy, speeding up evaporation or reactions. Surface Area: Larger surface area exposes more particles, increasing the rate of evaporation or reaction. Air Movement/Wind: Removes particles from the surface, speeding up evaporation by maintaining a concentration gradient
42
when a material is heated, it will expand as particles move further apart, when it it is cooled it will ______
contract
43
solids typically expand ______ than liquids because their particles are held in fixed positions
less
44
What happens at points of change in state? (like melting points and boiling point)
temperature doesn't increase- het energy being provided doesn't increase the internal energy instead it is used to overcome the intermolecular forces between molecules
45
What are good thermal conductors?
materials that allow heat to pass through them easily. These include metals such as: Copper Aluminum Silver Iron
46
What are good insulators?
insulator- materials which do not transfer heat well non metals or organic materials- plastic, wood, rubber and polystyrene
47
How does thermal conduction in solids work?
Molecules vibrate more when they have more energy​ The vibrations get passed from molecule to molecule​ ​In a metal, the free electrons also gain more kinetic energy and they move throughout the metal, colliding with other molecules.​
48
Why are metals the best thermal conductors?
Free electrons
49
What two mechanisms can conduction occur through?
Atomic vibration Free electron collisons
50
Conduction only happens in _______ because __________
solids particles are closely packed and can transfer heat energy through collisions.
51
what is convection?
Convection is the process of heat transfer in fluids (liquids and gases) where warmer, less dense regions of the fluid rise, and cooler, denser regions sink. This creates a convection current.
52
explain convection on a molecular level.
When a liquid or gas is heated (e.g., by a radiator), its particles gain energy, move faster, and spread apart, causing expansion. This makes the fluid less dense than its surroundings, so it rises. Cooler, denser fluid moves in to replace it. As the rising fluid cools, it contracts, becomes denser, and sinks. This continuous cycle creates a convection current.
53
What is thermal radiation?
The only way in which heat can travel through a vacuum. Heat energy transferred by electromagnetic waves- mainly infrared and visible light
54
Thermal radiations does not need a ________ unlike _______ and ________
medium conduction convection
55
The __________ an object is the more ___________ it emits
hotter thermal radiation
56
How does heat from the sun reach us?
Thermal radiation- the only way in which heat can travel through a vacuum.
57
Design an experiment investigating the relationship between colour and radiation.
equipment: 1 white can 1 black can 2 thermometers styrofoam lids method: Pour hot water into each can Measure the temperature of each can every 10 seconds possible sources of error: heat lost through conduction/convection which the lid will prevent (you may choose to add shiny and matte can to test it on texture)
58
black dull surfaces __________ and ___________ more thermal radiation than _______, ________ surfaces
absorb emit white shiny
59
Black objects are __________ absorbers and good _________
good emitters
60
Dull/dark objects are ___________ absorbers and reasonable _________
reasonable emitters
61
white objects are ___________ absorbers and ________ _________
poor poor emitters
62
shiny objects are _______ _____ absorbers as it reflects and very ________ emitters
very poor poor
63
explain the greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases (e.g., CO₂ and water vapor) absorb and re-emit heat radiation from Earth's surface, trapping heat in the atmosphere and increasing global temperatures.
64
What does the temperature of earth depend on
Energy received from the Sun (mainly as shortwave radiation). Energy radiated back into space (mainly as infrared radiation). The greenhouse effect, which traps heat in the atmosphere
65
When you draw a thermometer in a test, what do you need to remember
draw the thermometer in the water

Physics (3 decks)

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