P2 Flashcards
(53 cards)
What are the types of drag?
- Parasite = Non-lifting portions of helicopter.
- Profile = Friction of rotor blades through air.
- Induced = Production of lift; high angles of attack produce more.
- Total Drag = Sum of all drag.
What occurs during airflow in a hover – In Ground Effect (IGE)?
Increased efficiency within 1 rotor disk. Reduced rotor-tip vortices caused by horizontal airflow buildup. Reduced drag allows more lift with less power.
What happens during airflow in a hover – Out of Ground Effect (OGE)?
Requires more power due to increased induced flow. Higher AOA needed to produce lift, resulting in more drag on the blade.
What is dissymmetry of lift?
Difference in lift between advancing and retreating blades. Compensated by blade flapping and cyclic feathering.
What is the blade flapping effect?
• Advancing Blade: Flaps up (reduced AOA).
• Retreating Blade: Flaps down (increased AOA).
What is the translating tendency in helicopters?
Tail rotor thrust causes helicopter to drift right. Countered by left cyclic input.
What is the transverse flow effect?
Occurs at 10–20 knots:
• Front disk = more lift.
• Rear disk = descending airflow = less lift.
Causes right rolling motion; corrected by left cyclic.
When does effective translational lift (ETL) occur?
Occurs at 16–24 knots. Rotor blades outrun vortices, entering clean air. Improved efficiency and performance.
What are the conditions for settling with power?
- Vertical descent >300 ft/min.
- Low airspeed (<ETL).
- 20–100% power applied.
What conditions are conducive to settling with power?
⌲ Steep approach at high rate of descent
⌲ Downwind approach
⌲ Formation flight approach
⌲ Hover above max. hover ceiling
⌲ OGE hover bad altitude control
⌲ Masking / unmasking
What is dynamic rollover?
Lateral rolling when pivot point prevents motion. Causes a rolling motion if critical angle is exceeded.
What are the causes of dynamic rollover?
⌲ Inattention
⌲ Inexperience
⌲ Inappropriate control inputs
⌲ Failure to take timely corrective action
⌲ Loss of visual reference
What are the IIMC procedures?
- Fly the Aircraft: The most important single consideration is aircraft control.
- Alert: P* will announce “IIMC” and immediately make the transition to instrument flight.
- ATTITUDE – Level the pitch and bank attitude while maintaining the aircraft in trim.
- TORQUE - Adjust torque as required.
- ALTITUDE – Adjust to desired altitude after establishing initial aircraft control.
- HEADING – Establish and maintain heading, turn only to avoid known obstacles.
- AIRSPEED – Adjust airspeed as necessary.
- Fly the Aircraft: Maintain aircraft control and then use aircraft automation to assist in stabilization as appropriate. If disorientation occurs execute the steps in Task 1182.
- Contact ATC as appropriate, and comply with ATC instructions, local regulations, and SOPs.
What does AR 95-1 state about lights?
Anti-collision lights must be used unless conditions prevent safety.
What are the deviations allowed under AR 95-1?
Individuals may deviate from AR 95-1 during emergencies.
What is the currency requirement for flying?
Must fly once every 60 days to maintain currency.
What are the fuel requirements for VFR and IFR?
• VFR: 20 min reserve fuel.
• IFR: 30 min reserve fuel.
Weather (WX) - Icing
No flight into known or forecast severe icing.
Weather (WX) - Turbulence
• No flight into known or forecast extreme turbulence.
• No flight into known severe turbulence.
Weight & Balance (365-4) – PC Responsibilities
- Completed form is onboard aircraft.
- Accuracy of computations (signature).
- Weight & CG remain within allowable limits throughout the flight.
Weight & Balance – Class 2 Aircraft
• Aircraft where weight/CG limits can be exceeded by loading.
• Records must be reviewed at least every 12 months.
Weight & Balance – When to Weigh
• Overhaul / Major Repair.
• Modifications >1% of basic weight.
• Every 12 months (Class 1) or 24 months (Class 2).
WX Brief
• Info from a U.S. Military weather facility.
• Valid for 1 hr 30 min from forecast time.
ALSE (P-1)
- Survival Radio (CSEL).
- ID tags.
- Approved flight helmet.
- Flight suit.
- Boots.
- Gloves.