P2

Question 1

are fast, ballistic eye movements that abruptly change the point of fixation

Answer 1

Saccadic system

Question 2

under both volitional and reflex contro

Answer 2

Saccadic system

Question 3

include willed refixations, those in
response to command and memory-guided saccades.

Answer 3

Voluntary movements

Question 4

include saccades in the direction of a
new stimulus that may be visually guided(prosaccade) or in
response to an auditory stimulus. Accompanied by head
movement in the same direction.

Answer 4

Reflex movement

Question 5

include saccades in the direction of a
new stimulus that may be visually guided(prosaccade) or in
response to an auditory stimulus. Accompanied by head
movement in the same direction.

Answer 5

Reflex movement

Question 6

can be elicited voluntarily, but occur reflexively whenever
the eyes are open, even when fixated on a target

Answer 6

Saccadic system

Question 7

can be elicited voluntarily, but occur reflexively whenever
the eyes are open, even when fixated on a target

Answer 7

Saccadic system

Question 8

can be elicited voluntarily, but occur reflexively whenever
the eyes are open, even when fixated on a target

Answer 8

Saccadic system

Question 9

small movements made while reading.
much larger movements made while gazing around a room.

Answer 9

Saccadic system

Question 10

rapid eye movements that occur during an important phase of sleep maximum velocity of up to

Answer 10

500 degrees/sec

Question 11

After the onset of a target for a saccade it takes (latency)about ____for eye movement to begin.

Answer 11

200ms

Question 12

are much slower tracking movements of the eyes designed to keep a moving stimulus on the fovea

Answer 12

Smooth pursuit system

Question 13

Under voluntary control in the sense that the observer can choose whether or not to track a moving stimulus.

Answer 13

Smooth pursuit movement

Question 14

Most people who try to move their eyes in a smooth fashion without a moving target simply make a saccade.

Answer 14

Smooth Pursuit System

Question 15

Allow the eyes to closely follow a moving object. It is one of two ways that visual animals can voluntarily shift gaze, the
other being saccadic eye movements.

Answer 15

Smooth Pursuit System

Question 16

• STIMULI: fixated target that moves across the foveal and perifoveal retina.

Answer 16

Smooth Pursuit System

Question 17

What is the stimuli for smooth pursuit movement?

Answer 17

• STIMULI: fixated target that moves across the foveal and perifoveal retina.

Question 18

What is the stimuli for smooth pursuit movement?

Answer 18

• STIMULI: fixated target that moves across the foveal and perifoveal retina.

Question 19

Tested by placing a subject inside a rotating cylinder with vertical stripes (the subject is more often seated in front of a screen on which a series of horizontally moving vertical
bars is presented to conduct this ____

Answer 19

Optokinetic test

Question 20

The eyes automatically follow a stripe until they reach the end of their excursion. There is then a quick saccade in the direction opposite to the movement, followed once again by smooth pursuit of a stripe. This alternating slow and fast movement of the eyes in response to such stimuli

Answer 20

Optokinetic nystagmus

Question 21

is a normal reflexive response of the eyes in response to large-scale movements of the visual scene and should not be confused with the pathological nystagmus that can result from certain kinds of brain
injury.

Answer 21

Optokinetic nystagmus

Question 22

Maximum speed for OKN

Answer 22

90 degrees/sec

Question 23

Latency of OKN

Answer 23

125 ms

Question 24

are disjugate and smooth where one
eye can move independently of the other.

Answer 24

Vergence system

Question 25

Occur as a synkinesis with accommodation of the lens and pupillary constriction

Answer 25

Vergence system

Question 26

The medial and lateral recti motoneurones are reciprocally innervated

Answer 26

Vergence system

Question 27

STIMULI: disparity between the location of images on the retina of each eye, which results in fusional vergence and retinal blur caused by a loss of focus of images, which results in accommodative vergence.

Answer 27

Vergence system

Question 28

STIMULI: disparity between the location of images on the retina of each eye, which results in

Answer 28

fusional vergence

Question 29

retinal blur caused by a loss of focus of images, which results in

Answer 29

Accommodative vergence

Question 30

may occur as saccadic or smooth pursuit movements and therefore cortical areas relating to the generation of these eye movement systems will be involved in the cortical processing of visual information necessitating a vergence eye movement response.

Answer 30

Vergence system

Question 31

maximum velocity of vergence system

Answer 31

20 degrees /sec

Question 32

Latency of Vergence system

Answer 32

160ms

Question 33

Stabilize the eyes relative to the external world, thus compensating for head movements

Answer 33

Vestibulo- ocular movements

Question 34

Reflex responses prevent visual images from “slipping” on the surface of the retina as head position varies.

Answer 34

Vestibulo- ocular movements

Question 35

Reflex responses prevent visual images from “slipping” on the surface of the retina as head position varies.

Answer 35

Vestibulo- ocular movements

Question 36

Can be appreciated by fixating an object and moving the head from side to side; the eyes automatically compensate for the head movement by moving the same distance but in the opposite direction, thus keeping the image of the object at more or less the same place on the retina

Answer 36

Vestibulo- ocular movements

Question 37

Maximum velocity of VOM

Answer 37

90 degrees /sec

Question 38

Latency of VOM

Answer 38

15 ms

Question 39

• Integrates eye and body movements and is not dependent on ocular stimulation but is concerned with head position and balance.

Answer 39

Vestibulo- ocular movements

Question 40

the false localisation of objects in space in px with recent paresis due to sensory changes resulting fron. altered alignment of the eye,

Answer 40

Past pointing

Question 41

- is the absolute threshold of light.

Answer 41

Light sense

Question 42

ability to discriminate fine high contrast detail

Answer 42

Central vision

Question 43

the field of vision

Answer 43

Peripheral vision

Question 44

Is inclusive of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.

Answer 44

Form sense

Question 45

Variables that affect VA:

Answer 45

Contrast Retinal simulation Occlusion Eye movement Contour interaction

Question 46

(central stimulation involves the fovea with higher acuity function) luminance (brightness of target)

Answer 46

Retinal simulation

Question 47

(sensitivity to background

Answer 47

Contrast

Question 48

even when looking steadily at targets there are constant refixation movements to maintain central fixation)

Answer 48

Eye movement

Question 49

(it is easier to identify a target presented singly than one with other surrounding stimuli)

Answer 49

• Contour interaction

Question 50

(this may be by hand, atropine, high plus lens, blenderm, opaque (glasses, opaque patch, opaque occlude or Spielmann occluder).

Answer 50

• Occlusion

Question 51

(this may be by hand, atropine, high plus lens, blenderm, opaque (glasses, opaque patch, opaque occlude or Spielmann occluder).

Answer 51

• Occlusion

Question 52

Observe pursuit movement and fixation preference

Answer 52

Fixation

Question 53

detects amblyopia only if the deviation exceeds 10 prism dioptres but there is poor correlation with visual acuity.

Answer 53

Fixation preference testing reliability

Question 54

Fixation preference in the presence of strabismus may show

Answer 54

equal alternation, fixation held through a blink, fixation held briefly, fixation held with difficulty or no fixation held with the strabismic eye.

Question 55

Uniocular fixation and objection to occlusion.

Answer 55

Cover test

Question 56

Reaction to visual stimulus by reaching towards the object of interest.

Answer 56

Visually directed reaching

Question 57

Response to small sweets and indicates acuity of approximately 6/24.

Answer 57

100s and 1000s

Question 58

Moving dots or gratings. o for infants and preschool. fast saccades

Answer 58

Catford drum

Question 59

Moving dots or gratings. o for infants and preschool. fast saccades

Answer 59

Catford drum

Question 60

Graded balls in various sizes either mounted or rolled along the floor. • Pursuit eye movements

Answer 60

Stycar mounted/rolling balls

Question 61

Graded balls in various sizes either mounted or rolled along the floor. • Pursuit eye movements

Answer 61

Stycar mounted/rolling balls

Question 62

assess fixation preference in preverbal children who are not strabismic or who havesmalldeviations. performed base down or base up.

Answer 62

Ten dioptre prism test

Question 63

recommended that the prism be held base up in cases of ptosis to aid accuracy in detecting eye movement response

Answer 63

Ten dioptre prism test

Question 64

A 25-dioptre base-in prism may also be used.

Answer 64

Ten dioptre prism

Question 65

A 25-dioptre base-in prism may also be used.

Answer 65

Ten dioptre prism

Question 66

• The infant is held close to a mirror so that they can look at their own reflection. • The distance of the infant from the mirror is increased until they no longer look at themselves. The test is useful as it is portable and easy to administer.

Answer 66

Mirror test

Question 67

The principle of this test is that a child prefers to look at a patterned background than at a plain background.

Answer 67

Forced choice preferential looking test

Question 68

Qualitative (observation of visual response)

Answer 68

Fixation Cover test Visually directed reaching 100s and 1000s Stycar rolling / mounted balls Catford drum Ten Dioptre prism Mirror test

Question 69

The test cards consist of a black and white grating placed on the left or right of the card.

Answer 69

FCPL

Question 70

The test cards consist of a black and white grating placed on the left or right of the card.

Answer 70

FCPL

Question 71

The child's response to look towards the pattern is noted. The gratings are graded in size.

Answer 71

FCPL

Question 72

The child's response to look towards the pattern is noted. The gratings are graded in size.

Answer 72

FCPL

Question 73

Visual acuities determined with FCPL range from approximately ___in the newborn to ___ at 3months and at __ 36 months

Answer 73

6/240 6/60 6/6

Question 74

The observer records the direction of head movements in response to the appearance of the striped stimulus.

Answer 74

FCPL

Question 75

Introduced a set of 16 cards that consisted of a grey background with a square wave grating none side.

Answer 75

Teller acuity cards

Question 76

An FCPL

Answer 76

Teller acuity cards

Question 77

Distance of teller acuity cards

Answer 77

38-55 cm

Question 78

Eye movements are observed towards the position of the stripes.

Answer 78

Teller acuity cards

Question 79

Eye movements are observed towards the position of the stripes.

Answer 79

Teller acuity cards

Question 80

Near Tests

Answer 80

• Reduced Snellen test Reduced Sheridan Gardiner • Reduced E test • Maclure book • Moorfields bar reading book • N series test

Question 81

Near Tests

Answer 81

• Reduced Snellen test Reduced Sheridan Gardiner • Reduced E test • Maclure book • Moorfields bar reading book • N series test

Question 82

used to assess whether or not reduced vision is caused by an uncorrected refractive error.

Answer 82

Pinhole

Question 83

When vision improves, this is strongly indicative of a

Answer 83

Refractive error

Question 84

If no improvement occurs, there is

Answer 84

Amblyopia or organic causes of reduced vision

Question 85

If no improvement occurs, there is

Answer 85

Amblyopia or organic causes of reduced vision

Question 86

It is easier to see a single optotype than a letter on a linear chart.

Answer 86

Crowding phenomenon

Question 87

The reduced visual acuity is due to the additional stimuli from surrounding letters and results in confusion.

Answer 87

Crowding phenomenon

Question 88

Crowding is specifically caused by

Answer 88

Contour interaction and attentional factors

Question 89

This is noted in particular with reduced visual acuity in amblyopes.

Answer 89

Crowding phenomenon

Question 90

The ability to distinguish between different levels of contrast.

Answer 90

Contrast sensitivity

Question 91

The ability to distinguish between different levels of contrast.

Answer 91

Contrast sensitivity

Question 92

• A measure of the limit of visibility for low contrast patterns.

Answer 92

Contrast sensitivity

Question 93

which are continuous waveforms that oscillate in a smooth and regular manner and can be of different frequencies and amplitudes.

Answer 93

Sine waves

Question 94

the number of cycles per degree: one cycle includes one dark and one light area.

Answer 94

Spatial frequency

Question 95

Detection of contrast relates to the organisation of the receptive field, diffraction, aberrations, scatter, cone density, central versus eccentric viewing, luminance and presence of ocular disease.

Answer 95

Contrast sensitivity

Question 96

Reduced contrast results in symptoms even if there is a normal level of visual acuity.

Answer 96

Contrast sensitivity

Question 97

Improvements in contrast sensitivity can occur despite no obvious change in visual acuity.

Answer 97

Contrast sensitivity