P2 Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What is speed?
A
Speed is the distance travelled by an object every second.
2
Q
How do you measure average speed?
A
Average speed is calculated using the equation: AVERAGE SPEED = DISTANCE MOVED / TIME TAKEN.
3
Q
What is important for accurate speed measurement?
A
Choose the appropriate equipment to measure the distance and time.
4
Q
What equipment can be used to measure speed?
A
Equipment includes a timer, metre rule, plastic cone, and tape measure.
5
Q
What is an example distance for measuring speed?
A
An example distance is 5 meters (16 feet).
6
Q
What simple equipment can be used to measure distance?
A
A metre rule can be used to measure the distance an object falls.
7
Q
What equipment can be used to measure time?
A
A timer can be used to measure how long an object takes to reach the ground.
8
Q
Why is a metre rule not practical for measuring an athletics track?
A
It would not be practical due to the length of the track.
9
Q
What is a more appropriate tool for measuring long distances like an athletics track?
A
A tape measure or a trundle wheel would be more appropriate.
10
Q
What is a trundle wheel used for?
A
A trundle wheel is ideal for measuring long distances.
11
Q
What are light gates?
A
Light gates are pieces of digital equipment that allow times to be measured more accurately.
12
Q
How do light gates measure time?
A
Light gates can be used to accurately time the motion of objects in a laboratory.
13
Q
How does a light gate start a timer?
A
A light gate can be used to start a timer when an object passes through it.
14
Q
What triggers the timer in a light gate?
A
A flag on top of the moving object blocks a beam of light as it passes through the light gate, triggering the timer to start.
15
Q
How is the timer stopped in a light gate setup?
A
A second light gate (at some fixed distance away) can be used to stop the timer as the object passes through it.
16
Q
Can a single light gate measure speed?
A
A single light gate can also be used to measure the speed of an object as it passes through.
17
Q
What can a single light gate measure?
A
A single light gate can measure the speed of an object as it passes through.
18
Q
How does a single light gate measure speed?
A
It times how long the beam of light is blocked as an object passes through.
19
Q
What does the timer measure in a single light gate setup?
A
The timer measures how long the light gate is blocked for.
20
Q
What is the distance travelled in a single light gate measurement?
A
The distance travelled is given by the length of the flag passing through the light gate.
21
Q
How can speed be calculated using a single light gate?
A
The two measurements for distance travelled and time taken can be used in the equation for speed.
22
Q
What can a single light gate measure?
A
A single light gate can measure the speed of an object as it passes through.
It times how long the beam of light is blocked as the object passes through.
23
Q
How does a single light gate measure speed?
A
The timer measures how long the light gate is blocked for.
The distance travelled is given by the length of the flag passing through the light gate.
24
Q
What can be calculated using a single light gate?
A
The two measurements for distance travelled and time taken can be used in the equation for speed.
25
What is the equation for calculating speed?
speed = distance travelled / time taken
## Footnote
Where v = speed in metres per second (m/s), s = distance travelled in metres (m), t = time taken in seconds (s)
26
What does 'v' represent in the speed equation?
'v' represents speed in metres per second (m/s).
27
What does 's' represent in the speed equation?
's' represents distance travelled in metres (m).
28
What does 't' represent in the speed equation?
't' represents time taken in seconds (s).
29
What is average speed?
The average speed of an object is calculated when its speed is not constant.
30
What is non-uniform motion?
Non-uniform motion occurs when an object is moving with varying speeds (accelerating and decelerating).
31
What is the equation for average speed?
Average speed = total distance / time taken
32
How is total distance measured?
Total distance is measured in metres, m
33
How is total time measured?
Total time is measured in seconds, s
34
What is the unit of average speed?
Average speed is measured in metres per second, m/s
35
What is average speed?
The average speed of an object is rarely constant.
36
How do hikers demonstrate non-uniform motion?
Hikers change their pace continuously as they walk.
37
What is an example of non-uniform motion in nature?
Bumblebees buzz around in all directions with varying speed.
38
How do cars exhibit non-uniform motion?
Cars are constantly speeding up and slowing down throughout a journey.
39
What does non-uniform motion refer to?
Non-uniform motion refers to motion that is changing.
40
What can changing motion involve?
Changing motion can mean the object is changing its speed, direction, or both.
41
What is a common behavior of racers on sharp corners?
Racers will slow down on sharp corners.
42
What are SI Units?
SI Units are a system of measurement used in almost every country around the world.
43
How many base units are there in the SI system?
There are six base units in the SI system from which every other unit can be derived.
44
What are the SI Base Units?
The SI Base Units are:
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Length: Metre (m)
- Time: Second (s)
- Current: Ampere (A)
- Temperature: Kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance: Mole (mol)
45
What is the symbol for Mass in SI Units?
The symbol for Mass in SI Units is kg.
46
What is the symbol for Length in SI Units?
The symbol for Length in SI Units is m.
47
What is the symbol for Time in SI Units?
The symbol for Time in SI Units is s.
48
What is the symbol for Current in SI Units?
The symbol for Current in SI Units is A.
49
What is the symbol for Temperature in SI Units?
The symbol for Temperature in SI Units is K.
50
What is the symbol for Amount of Substance in SI Units?
The symbol for Amount of Substance in SI Units is mol.
51
How are other common units derived in the SI system?
Other common units are derived from the six base units.
52
What are SI Units?
SI Units are a system of measurement used in almost every country around the world.
53
How many base units are there in the SI system?
There are six base units in the SI system from which every other unit can be derived.
54
What are the SI Base Units?
The SI Base Units are:
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Length: Metre (m)
- Time: Second (s)
- Current: Ampere (A)
- Temperature: Kelvin (K)
- Amount of Substance: Mole (mol)
55
What is the symbol for Mass in SI Units?
The symbol for Mass in SI Units is kg.
56
What is the symbol for Length in SI Units?
The symbol for Length in SI Units is m.
57
What is the symbol for Time in SI Units?
The symbol for Time in SI Units is s.
58
What is the symbol for Current in SI Units?
The symbol for Current in SI Units is A.
59
What is the symbol for Temperature in SI Units?
The symbol for Temperature in SI Units is K.
60
What is the symbol for Amount of Substance in SI Units?
The symbol for Amount of Substance in SI Units is mol.
61
How are other common units derived in the SI system?
Other common units are derived from the six base units.
62
What is the term for the amount of something?
Quantity
63
What term describes how often something occurs?
Frequency
64
What term refers to the strength of a physical force?
Force
65
What is the term for the capacity to do work?
Energy
66
What term refers to the rate at which work is done?
Power
67
What is the term for force per unit area?
Pressure
68
What term describes the quantity of electricity?
Electric Charge
69
What is the term for the difference in electric potential?
Electric Potential Difference
70
What term refers to the opposition to electric current?
Electric Resistance
71
What is the term for the measure of magnetic field strength?
Magnetic Flux Density
72
What are the symbols used to denote units?
Prefixes
73
What is the term for a standard measure of a physical quantity?
Unit
74
What is the short form of a unit called?
Abbreviation
75
What is the unit of frequency?
hertz
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Hz
76
What is the unit of force?
newton
## Footnote
Abbreviation: N
77
What is the unit of energy?
joule
## Footnote
Abbreviation: J
78
What is the unit of power?
watt
## Footnote
Abbreviation: W
79
What is the unit of pressure?
pascal
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Pa
80
What is the unit of electric charge?
coulomb
## Footnote
Abbreviation: C
81
What is the unit of electric potential difference?
volt
## Footnote
Abbreviation: V
82
What is the unit of electric resistance?
ohm
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Ω
83
What is the unit of magnetic flux density?
tesla
## Footnote
Abbreviation: T
84
What is the term for the amount of something?
Quantity
85
What term describes how often something occurs?
Frequency
86
What term refers to the strength of a physical force?
Force
87
What is the term for the capacity to do work?
Energy
88
What term refers to the rate at which work is done?
Power
89
What is the term for force per unit area?
Pressure
90
What term describes the quantity of electricity?
Electric Charge
91
What is the term for the difference in electric potential?
Electric Potential Difference
92
What term refers to the opposition to electric current?
Electric Resistance
93
What is the term for the measure of magnetic field strength?
Magnetic Flux Density
94
What are the symbols used to denote units?
Prefixes
95
What is the term for a standard measure of a physical quantity?
Unit
96
What is the short form of a unit called?
Abbreviation
97
What is the unit of frequency?
hertz
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Hz
98
What is the unit of force?
newton
## Footnote
Abbreviation: N
99
What is the unit of energy?
joule
## Footnote
Abbreviation: J
100
What is the unit of power?
watt
## Footnote
Abbreviation: W
101
What is the unit of pressure?
pascal
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Pa
102
What is the unit of electric charge?
coulomb
## Footnote
Abbreviation: C
103
What is the unit of electric potential difference?
volt
## Footnote
Abbreviation: V
104
What is the unit of electric resistance?
ohm
## Footnote
Abbreviation: Ω
105
What is the unit of magnetic flux density?
tesla
## Footnote
Abbreviation: T
106
What are the two types of quantities?
All quantities can be one of two types: scalar or vector.
107
What is a scalar?
Scalars are quantities that have only a magnitude.
108
Can you give an example of a scalar?
Mass is a scalar since it is a quantity that has magnitude without a direction.
## Footnote
Another example is distance, which only contains a magnitude, not a direction.
109
What is a vector?
Vectors have both magnitude and direction.
110
Can you give an example of a vector?
Velocity is a vector since it is described with both a magnitude and a direction.
## Footnote
For instance, the velocity of a car might be 60 km per hour (magnitude) due west (direction).
111
How can velocity be expressed?
Velocity can be expressed with both a positive and negative sign to indicate direction.
## Footnote
For example, -60 km per hour might indicate the car is travelling to the left, while +60 km per hour indicates the opposite direction (to the right).
112
What is a scalar?
A quantity that has only magnitude and no direction.
113
What is distance?
The total length of the path traveled by an object.
114
What is speed?
The rate at which an object covers distance.
115
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object.
116
What is energy?
The capacity to do work or produce change.
117
What is volume?
The amount of space occupied by an object.
118
What is density?
The mass per unit volume of a substance.
119
What is temperature?
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
120
What is power?
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
121
What is a vector?
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
122
What is displacement?
The change in position of an object.
123
What is velocity?
The rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
124
What is weight?
The force exerted on an object due to gravity.
125
What is force?
An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity.
126
What is acceleration?
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
127
What is momentum?
The product of an object's mass and its velocity.
128
What does a distance-time graph show?
A distance-time graph shows how an object moves away from its origin.
129
What indicates constant speed on a distance-time graph?
A straight line represents constant speed.
130
What does the slope of the straight line represent?
The slope represents the magnitude of the speed.
131
What does a very steep slope indicate?
A very steep slope means the object is moving at a large speed.
132
What does a shallow slope indicate?
A shallow slope means the object is moving at a small speed.
133
What does a flat, horizontal line represent?
A flat, horizontal line means the object is stationary (not moving).
134
What does the slope of a line represent on a distance-time graph?
The slope of a line is used to interpret the speed of moving objects.
135
What indicates that an object is moving with a constant speed on a distance-time graph?
The lines are straight.
136
How is changing speed represented on a distance-time graph?
Changing speed is represented by a curve.
137
What happens to the slope of the line when the speed is increasing?
The slope is increasing (accelerating).
138
What happens to the slope of the line when the speed is decreasing?
The slope is decreasing (decelerating).
139
What does a decreasing slope mean?
Decreasing slope means decreasing speed.
140
What does an increasing slope mean?
Increasing slope means increasing speed.
141
What does the slope of a line represent on a distance-time graph?
The slope of a line is used to interpret the speed of moving objects.
142
What indicates that an object is moving with a constant speed on a distance-time graph?
The lines are straight.
143
How is changing speed represented on a distance-time graph?
Changing speed is represented by a curve.
144
What happens to the slope of the line when the speed is increasing?
The slope is increasing (accelerating).
145
What happens to the slope of the line when the speed is decreasing?
The slope is decreasing (decelerating).
146
What does a decreasing slope mean?
Decreasing slope means decreasing speed.
147
What does an increasing slope mean?
Increasing slope means increasing speed.
148
149
What does a velocity-time graph show?
A velocity-time graph shows how the velocity of a moving object varies with time.
150
What does the red line represent on a velocity-time graph?
The red line represents an object with increasing velocity.
151
What does the green line represent on a velocity-time graph?
The green line represents an object with decreasing velocity.
152
What information can velocity-time graphs provide?
Velocity-time graphs show if the object is moving with a constant acceleration/deceleration and the magnitude of the acceleration/deceleration.
153
What does a straight line represent in a graph of motion?
A straight line represents constant acceleration.
154
What does the slope of the line indicate in a motion graph?
The slope of the line represents the magnitude of acceleration.
155
What does a steep slope indicate about acceleration?
A steep slope means large acceleration (or deceleration) - i.e. the object's speed changes very quickly.
156
What does a gentle slope indicate about acceleration?
A gentle slope means small acceleration (or deceleration) - i.e. the object's speed changes very gradually.
157
What does a flat line represent in a motion graph?
A flat line means the acceleration is zero - i.e. the object is moving with a constant velocity.
158
What does a straight line represent in a graph of motion?
A straight line represents constant acceleration.
159
What does the slope of the line indicate in a motion graph?
The slope of the line represents the magnitude of acceleration.
160
What does a steep slope indicate about acceleration?
A steep slope means large acceleration (or deceleration) - i.e. the object's speed changes very quickly.
161
What does a gentle slope indicate about acceleration?
A gentle slope means small acceleration (or deceleration) - i.e. the object's speed changes very gradually.
162
What does a flat line represent in a motion graph?
A flat line means the acceleration is zero - i.e. the object is moving with a constant velocity.
163
What does the area under a velocity-time graph represent?
The area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement (or distance travelled) by an object.
164
What is the formula for calculating distance from the area of a velocity-time graph?
DISTANCE = AREA
## Footnote
AREA = BASE × HEIGHT
165
How do you calculate the area of a triangle on a velocity-time graph?
Area = ½ × Base × Height
## Footnote
This applies when the object is accelerating or decelerating.
166
How do you calculate the area of a rectangle on a velocity-time graph?
Area = Base × Height
## Footnote
This applies when the object is moving at a constant velocity.
167
What do enclosed areas under velocity-time graphs represent?
Enclosed areas under velocity-time graphs represent total displacement (or total distance travelled).
168
What do the enclosed areas under a velocity-time graph represent?
The total distance travelled.
169
What shape does the velocity-time graph take if an object moves with constant acceleration?
It will comprise of straight lines.
170
How do you calculate the distance travelled in a velocity-time graph with constant acceleration?
By working out the area of enclosed rectangles and triangles.
171
What is acceleration?
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
172
What does acceleration describe?
It describes how much an object's velocity changes every second.
173
What is the equation for average acceleration?
The equation is: acceleration = change in velocity / time taken.
174
What does 'a' represent in the acceleration equation?
'a' represents acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²).
175
What does 'ΔV' represent in the acceleration equation?
'ΔV' represents change in velocity in metres per second (m/s).
176
What does 't' represent in the acceleration equation?
't' represents time taken in seconds (s).
177
How is change in velocity calculated?
Change in velocity is found by the difference between the initial and final velocity: change in velocity = final velocity - initial velocity.
178
What is the formula for change in velocity?
The formula is: ΔV = v - u.
179
What does 'v' represent in the change in velocity formula?
'v' represents final velocity.
180
What does 'u' represent in the change in velocity formula?
'u' represents initial velocity.
181
What is acceleration?
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
182
What does acceleration describe?
It describes how much an object's velocity changes every second.
183
What is the equation for average acceleration?
The equation is: acceleration = change in velocity / time taken.
184
What does 'a' represent in the acceleration equation?
'a' represents acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²).
185
What does 'ΔV' represent in the acceleration equation?
'ΔV' represents change in velocity in metres per second (m/s).
186
What does 't' represent in the acceleration equation?
't' represents time taken in seconds (s).
187
How is change in velocity calculated?
Change in velocity is found by the difference between the initial and final velocity: change in velocity = final velocity - initial velocity.
188
What is the formula for change in velocity?
The formula is: ΔV = v - u.
189
What does 'v' represent in the change in velocity formula?
'v' represents final velocity.
190
What does 'u' represent in the change in velocity formula?
'u' represents initial velocity.
191
What does V represent in the equation for acceleration?
V = final velocity in metres per second (m/s)
192
What does U represent in the equation for acceleration?
U = initial velocity in metres per second (m/s)
193
How can the equation for acceleration be rearranged?
The equation for acceleration can be rearranged with the help of a formula triangle.
194
195
What happens to an object that speeds up?
An object that speeds up is accelerating.
196
What happens to an object that slows down?
An object that slows down is decelerating.
197
What can the acceleration of an object be?
The acceleration of an object can be positive or negative, depending on whether the object is speeding up or slowing down.
198
What is the sign of acceleration when an object is speeding up?
If an object is speeding up, its acceleration is positive.
199
What is the sign of acceleration when an object is slowing down?
If an object is slowing down, its acceleration is negative (sometimes called deceleration).
200
What does an acceleration of -5 m/s² indicate?
a = -5 m/s²
## Footnote
This car is decelerating as ordered to slow down by the person.
201
What does an acceleration of +30 m/s² indicate?
a = +30 m/s²
## Footnote
This rocket is accelerating up to space.
202
What is the equation of motion for objects with uniform acceleration?
The equation is: (final speed)² - (initial speed)² = 2 x acceleration x distance travelled
v² - u² = 2 x a x x
203
What do the variables in the equation v² - u² = 2 x a x x represent?
x = distance travelled in metres (m)
u = initial speed in metres per second (m/s)
v = final speed in metres per second (m/s)
a = acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²)
204
What is the purpose of the equation v² - u² = 2 x a x x?
It is used to calculate quantities such as initial or final speed, acceleration, or distance travelled when the time taken is not known.
205
What is an example of uniform acceleration?
A rocket speeding up (accelerating) and a car slowing down (decelerating).
206
How is kinetic energy calculated?
Kinetic energy can be calculated using the equation: E = 1/2 x m x v²
## Footnote
Where E is kinetic energy in Joules (J), m is mass in kilograms (kg), and v is speed in metres per second (m/s).
207
What does Ek represent?
Ek represents kinetic energy in Joules (J).
208
What does m represent in the kinetic energy equation?
m represents the mass of the object in kilograms (kg).
209
What does v represent in the kinetic energy equation?
v represents the speed of the object in metres per second (m/s).
210
What happens to kinetic energy when acceleration occurs?
An acceleration will result in a change of kinetic energy.
211
Why does kinetic energy change with acceleration?
This is because the speed is changing.
212
How is kinetic energy calculated?
Kinetic energy can be calculated using the equation: E = 1/2 x m x v²
## Footnote
Where E is kinetic energy in Joules (J), m is mass in kilograms (kg), and v is speed in metres per second (m/s).
213
What does Ek represent?
Ek represents kinetic energy in Joules (J).
214
What does m represent in the kinetic energy equation?
m represents the mass of the object in kilograms (kg).
215
What does v represent in the kinetic energy equation?
v represents the speed of the object in metres per second (m/s).
216
What happens to kinetic energy when acceleration occurs?
An acceleration will result in a change of kinetic energy.
217
Why does kinetic energy change with acceleration?
This is because the speed is changing.
