P2 CASE STUDIES

Question 1

Describe the location of Mumbai

Answer 1

Mumbai is a mega city – 21.5 million population
Dharavi – 1.2 million people per square mile
West side of India facing the Indian ocean so it has easy access to imports and exports – easy trade.
40% of indias exports come from mumbai
Main city upon leaving the suez canal

22.9068° S, 43.1729° W

Question 2

Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is an internationally important city

Answer 2

*Bollywood releases 200 films a year
* 40% India’s exports come from Mumbai
*India’s busiest airport
*Indias top location for FDI (foreign direct investment) - TNC headquarters including Volkswagen and Disney.

Question 3

Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is a nationally important city

Answer 3

• 10% of all India’s industrial jobs are located here
• It produces 1/6 of India’s GDP
• It is considered the fashion and media capital of India
  *10 universities

Question 4

City growth in Mumbai is prevented by which physical factors?

Answer 4

coastal location limits land for expansion
flood risk areas
The eastern and northern edges of Mumbai include hills and rugged terrain
This uneven terrain is less suitable for urban development and infrastructure.
the RUF(rural-urban fringe) is found on marshlands

Question 5

How has urban growth created opportunities for Mumbai?

Answer 5

*the financial capital is home to many major banks and other TNC’s from around the world (e.g Tata motors, Barclays and HSBC)
*Informal economy also thrives, providing livelihoods for millions.(75% employment rates)
*Infrastructure Development such as: Metro systems, New housing and commercial zones (like Navi Mumbai)

These developments aim to reduce congestion and improve connectivity.

Question 6

Describe the social challenges Mumbai are facing

Answer 6

1. lack of sanitation - children play near open sewers which increases their infection risk which puts more stress on doctors
2. Education - half of all children continue their education after 14. Many become involved in crime.
3. Water supply - people living in squatter settlements only have access to clean running water for the first 2 hours of each day. however the water is sometimes filled with diseases such as typhoid and diphtheria where there are 40,000 cases of it each day.

Question 7

Describe the economic challenges facing Mumbai

Answer 7

1. informal economy - people working in the informal economy don’t pay tax meaning the government can’t improve the area
overcrowding in slums - squatter settlements found on unwanted cheap unstable land and is home to 1.2 million people per square mile of Dharavi.
3. Crime - Robbery and violent crime are big challenges.
major flood risk - during monsoon season there are large floods without the drainage systems to cope with the water as well as an increase in concrete surfaces preventing infiltration.

Question 8

Describe the environmental challenges facing Mumbai

Answer 8

1. Air pollution - nitrous oxide pollution from cars and factories can lead to bronchitis and cancer. decreasing life expectancy.
2. Traffic congestion - caused by volume of traffic due to lack of infrastructure and a large amount of commuters who live outside the city.
3. Water pollution - 800 million tonnes of untreated water disposed into the river Mithi.
4. lack of urban greening - due to the limited areas that can be built on, the green field sites and areas of green space are being destroyed or undergoing deforestation increasing the effects of air pollution.

Question 9

what has been done as a part of vision mumbai?

Answer 9

• replacing squatter settlements with 1.1 million high quality, high rise tower blocks.
• using natural light and ventilation to improve QOL & SOL
• solar panels on the roof will improve the environmental impact
• street lighting, communal areas and streets lined with trees as examples of urban greening
• CCTV to improve security
• sewage treatment plants and water recycling to improve quality of water to improve QOL and decrease stress on health service and increase life expectancy

Question 10

what were the negatives of vision mumbai?

Answer 10

Dharavi residents strongly opposed the plans they do not like the idea of moving home, losing the slums, losing their businesses and their sense of community.

Question 11

what is the Mumbai monorail?

Answer 11

in 2005 thw government decided to build a monorail to ease traffic congestion with tickets only costing 11 rupees(10p). However, the monorail only linked the industrial areas of the city and didn’t reach the more deprived areas. this resulted in the monorail mainly being used by tourists.

Question 12

Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is a regionally important city

Answer 12

40% of the state income comes from Mumbai
3 million people commute to Mumbai for work

Question 13

Where is Birmingham located?

Answer 13

Birmingham is located in the West Midlands region of England.

Question 14

What is the international importance of Birmingham ?

Answer 14

• rated among the top 15 best cities in Europe to locate a business
• international transport connections through Birmingham airport
• large employers such as BBC, Deutsche bank, JLR and Severn Trent
• high rates of migration into the city (in 2015 1.1 million from 187 different nations)

Question 15

How has migration affected the the city of Birmingham?

Answer 15

One of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK.
Migration has given Birmingham a rich cultural heritage, and the successful formation of multi-cultural communities.
This can be seen through restaurants (Chinatown, Balti triangle), cultural events (Diwali celebrations)

Question 16

How have urban changes created opportunities for Birmingham environment

Answer 16

1. Urban greening:
Birmingham is one of the greenest cities in Europe, with over 500 parks and open spaces, including the Botanical Gardens.
Birmingham has put forward the ‘Birmingham green Vision’ plan to :
- plant trees and urban greenways
- Green roofs and walls
- Enhance walkways and cycleways
- Develop parks and recreational spaces
- Encourage walking, cycling and outdoor leisure activities

regeneration - regenerating brownfield sites such as Longbridge to make the city more attractive and reduce urban sprawl.

sustainable transport - clean air zones, cycle lanes, electric buses and metro trams.(reduces air pollution, noise pollution and reduces carbon emissions)

eco friendly architecture - E.g. the new library has rainwater harvesting and natural ventilation.(promotes sustainability and reduces energy use)

Question 17

Give some examples of the cultural mix opportunities created by urban growth in Birmingham

Answer 17

• China Town - vibrant Chinese culture e.g. restaurants.
• eastern European migration has increased the variety of restaurants and cuisines
• a wide range of places of worship such as mosques, temples, churches, and gurdwaras reflect Birmingham’s multicultural population.

Question 18

Give some examples of the recreation and entertainment opportunities created by urban growth in Birmingham

Answer 18

• Birmingham Hippodrome, museums and art galleries, as well as the NIA, NEC and ICC bring in tourists.
• The Bullring is one of the biggest shopping centres in Europe.
• Birmingham has the most Michelin star restaurants outside of London
• Villa park and saint Andrews park football stadium

Question 19

Give some examples of the employment opportunities created by urban growth in Birmingham

Answer 19

• Birmingham University has a BioHub for medical research, as well as having an Innovation Campus, providing quaternary employment opportunities.

*Five universities, with over 90,000 students, makes Birmingham a young and vibrant city.

*good transport systems allow workers to travel from commuter settlements from outside the city

Question 20

Give some examples of integrated transport systems in Birmingham that are an opportunity for the city

Answer 20

Grand Central Station
Turning New Street station into a world-class station
Large concourse with more commercial facilities
Improving links with surrounding areas
Improving the physical environment

HS2
This high speed rail will cut journey times from Birmingham to London from 1 hour 21 minutes to 49 minutes.

Question 21

What was the reason for urban deprivation in Birmingham?

Answer 21

SPIRAL OF DECLINE:

• Declining industry has led to brownfield sites, which have fallen into dereliction. This creates urban deprivation, where a spiral of decline results from this loss of industry.
• In 2015, Birmingham was ranked the third most deprived city in England, with most deprivation heavily clustered around the city centre.

Question 22

What is URBAN SPRAWL? and what effect has it had on Birmingham?

Answer 22

Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of a city into surrounding areas

*In 2015, Birmingham needed 89,000 new homes, but the city only had space for 51,000. This means building on brownfield or greenfield sites.
Brownfield sites can be expensive to build on as they require clearing first.
Building on greenfield sites is often cheaper, but has long term environmental implications, as it often uses farmland or countryside. This leads to urban sprawl, with corresponding problems such as congestion and air pollution.
* In the past 10 years, 42,000 people have moved from the centre to the outskirts of Birmingham, with daily commuters reaching 200,000. This puts huge pressure on transport and the environment.

Question 23

What is Birmingham aiming to do to solve their environmental issues?

Answer 23

Recycling Centres – Recycling is collected and taken to one of five recycling centres across the city
Energy Recovery– Birmingham’s ERF (energy recovery facility) takes 350,000 tonnes of rubbish per year and converts it to electricity.
However, this process releases a huge amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Question 24

What environmental issues is Birmingham facing?

Answer 24

Air pollution
While pollution levels dropped after factories closed, many industrial sites were left contaminated.
high number of vehicles releases nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.

Waste Disposal
In 2015, only 30% of Birmingham’s waste was recycled
this decreased to 22.5% in 2021 despite a target of 40% by 2026
Birmingham has the lowest recycling rates in the UK (Birminghams rates are decreasing despite the UK’s rates increasing)

Question 25

What **environmental** problems does Birmingham face as a result of urban growth?

Answer 25

1. Pollution & waste management 2. Dereliction (increase in brownfield sites) 3. Building on greenfield sites 4. Urban sprawl

Question 26

why did Birmingham need regeneration?

Answer 26

During Britain’s industrialisation period, the **West Midlands developed as a major industrial area**, with Birmingham know as **‘the city of thousand trades’.** From the 1970s, increasing competition from abroad **(outsourcing and globalisation)** lead to **deindustrialisation**, with a decline in jobs in industrial and commercial areas. This led to job losses and the **spiral of decline.**

Question 27

What is Birmingham's **'Big city plan'**?

Answer 27

Birmingham’s Big City Plan is the proposal to transform five areas of Birmingham by 2030: **Westside: (libary)** Mixed use/commercial space New library of Birmingham 4 star hotel with 250 rooms **Snow Hill: (elaines office)** 200,000 offices Improved public spaces and transport links 4,000 new homes Creation of 10,000 jobs **Eastside: (the dirt area on route into birmingham by train)** HS2 station will be built Development of Birmingham City University City park and recreational facilities 2,000 new homes Creation of over 30,000 jobs **New Street Station** Turning New Street station into a world-class station Large concourse with more commercial facilities Improving links with surrounding areas Improving the physical environment

Question 28

What is the Longbridge regeneration plan?

Answer 28

**Longbridge Regeneration** - The plan aims to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site on southern edge of Birmingham. The plan includes: A technology park with an innovation centre for small technology businesses A £70 million town centre with large national stores Hotel, restaurants, and leisure developments Bourneville College – a £66 million learning facility Office spaces Residential developments Large industrial and warehousing facilities.

Question 29

what has been the impact on Birmingham from the Universities

Answer 29

between 2009 and 2015 361,000 people moved into Birmingham where as 411,000 moved out. This is a result of commuter settlements setting up outside of Birmingham and the influx in migration as a result of free healthcare, better standard of living and the Universities. however, this has lead to studentification. This is the process of more student accommodation and more young people living in an area because of the universities.

Question 30

What is the National importance of Birmingham ?

Answer 30

- uks second largest city - 5 major Uni's with over 90,000 students from across the globe - transport connections through the M5, M6, M40, M42 - over 60,000 work in leisure and tourism industries - home to 31,000 companies

Question 31

What were the **success's** of Longbridge regeneration?

Answer 31

**Economic + social** - £70 million new town centre with a range of new stores - 2000 new homes + 1000 new jobs - New hotels, leisure activities + £5 million youth centre, £66 million technology park and new college, new offices - easy road access + rebuilt train station **Environmental** - 3 new green parks - brownfield site has reduced the need for greenfield sites to be used - reduced risk of flooding from urban greening

Question 32

What were the **Failures** of Longbridge regeneration?

Answer 32

nearby shops lost income due to the new competition from Longbridge local home owners suffering from price rises and people being evicted (gentrification*) *Gentrification - the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process.

Question 33

Describe an example of a **Sustainable city**

Answer 33

**Dubai's sustainable city** a purpose built eco friendly development located about 18 miles out from Dubai's city centre. home to 2,700 residents in 500 villas it is designed to be: - net zero - using solar panels on every building - a car free zone which encourages walking and cycling (electric buggies and electric cars are available) - waste water is recycled and treated sewage water is used for irrigation - strict recycling programmes

Question 34

What were the **success's ** of Dubai's sustainable city?

Answer 34

**Environmental** - waste bioproducts used as statues / features. - fruit trees which filter water, grow fruit and provide shade - a 50% reduction in carbon emissions compared to conventional cities - villas orientated in to the shade to conserve energy - 58% decrease in water consumption due to water recycling techniques such as black and grey(reusable) water usage **Economic** - 40,000 solar panel leads to a 40% reduction on utility bills **social** - a strong sense of community through shared spaces and communal activities - 11 biodome green houses and 3,000 square metres of urban farming plots for residents to grow crops. encourages healthier lifestyle

Question 35

What were the **Failures ** of Dubai's sustainable city?

Answer 35

- being in a dessert causes the dust and high temperatures to reduce the efficiency of the solar panels - there is also a high resource demand and the city will be heavily dependant on air imports(increases food/product miles = increased carbon emissions) - Expensive (cheapest villa is 1 million dollars) hasn't actually reached net zero - no fresh water sources - desalination (removing salt from water) has a high carbon footprint - no green spaces or playing fields - lack of cultural norm such as religious necessities

Question 36

what happened to Longbridge?

Answer 36

At its peak, Longbridge produced over a third of a million cars for MG rover in 1965, employing 25,000 people. - it was symbol of Birmingham's industrial power - This site was closed in 2005, due to deindustrialisation, outsourcing and automation. The aim is to bring the brownfield site back to life, by building 2000 new homes and creating 1000 jobs.