Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GCSE AQA GEOGRAPHY > P2: The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

P2: The Changing Economic World Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

1Development

A

Long-term improvement in peoples quality of life and standard of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social Development
Economic Development

A

Social development is an improvement in the well-being of a population, while economic development is a growth in the economy and wages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 Important indications of development

A

Global GDP per capita
Life expectancy
Literacy Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Composite Index

A

e.g. HDI. Combines multiple indicators to make one number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Problems with indicators

A

It is an average which means it generalises the geographic boundaries, generalises inequality
Doesn’t take other factors into account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Human Development Index

A

The HDI is a combination of life expectancy, education and income from 0 being lowest and 1 the highest.
Good because takes social and economic factors into account. Simple, readable and easy to compare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GNI per capita brackets

A

HIC - more than $12,736
NEE - $1,046 - $12,735
LIC - below $1,046

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of jobs

A

Primary - Exploiting natural resources
Secondary - Processing raw materials
Tertiary - Services to people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

Explains how and why population changes, through natural increases and decrease overtime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DTM at every stage

A

Stage 1 - High birth rates and death rates
Stage 2 - Death rates fall rapidly
Stage 3 - Birth Rates fall rapidly
Stage 4 - Birth and death rates stabilise
Stage 5 - Death rates slightly increase, Birth Rates slightly decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Population pyramid

A

Shows the age structure and sex of a population on a graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

no. 0-14 + no. 65+ / no 15-64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - Natural Resources

A

Countries rich in resources e.g. Qatar with gas. GDP in 1988 was 5 billion and is now around 190 billion. Whereas Rwanda. GDP in 1988 was 4 billion and in 2020 is 10 billion
Countries without resources will not be able to export them and make an income. Some countries can not afford the infrastructure to export resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - climate

A

Bad weather can cause limited crops to grow so that they will not be able to export as much reducing their income and food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - Natural Hazards

A

Countries with lots of natural hazards will focus on rebuilding their country and are not able to focus on developing their country.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - Coastlines

A

Countries without a coastline are less likely to develop because they find it harder to export materials out of the country. Of the bottom 15 HDI countries 8 don’t have access to the coast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - Debts

A

Poor countries have to take loans from rich countries to cover their costs and over time this can lead to the country coming into tremendous debt that they are not able to develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of Uneven Development - Conflict/ War

A

Countries will go into war and money is spent on the army and training and this will not be spent on development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Consequences of Uneven Development

A

Wealth - HIC’s are more wealthier than LIC’s and the gap continues to spread out.
Health - In HIC’s people have higher life expectancy due to development of medicines which is not present in LIC’s
International Migration - People move to improve their quality of life, supporting the economy of the country they move to, increasing the development gap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reducing Development Gap - Investment

A

Foreign Direct Investment - people and companies come and set up their manufacteuring in these LIC’s which creates jobs and promotes the multiplier effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reducing Development Gap - Aid

A

Aid can be given from rich countries to poor countries and will help progress their development however, it can be stolen by corrupt governments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reducing Development Gap - Fair Trade

A

So that farmers are paid the right amount for their products and can make a living out of their products. Producers being paid fair prices means that they are given premiums such as tea farmers in Malawi who used their premiums to add a water pipeline to their village.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reducing Development Gap - Intermediate Technology

A

Can improve quality of life with these more improved tools you can allow life to develop and produce more goods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reducing Development Gap - Microfinance Loans

A

Given to small businesses so that they can start getting bigger and pay more taxes to the government and fund them more to improve development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Reducing Development Gap - Debt Relief
Zambia had $4 billion debt removed in 2005 and in 2006 they were able to start free healthcare. Removes stress on business funds and allows development in other aspects of the country.
26
Tourism in Jamaica to reduce Development Gap
4 million tourists annually Locations: Montego bay, Negril, Manchester Club Golf Course, Bob Marley Museum, Mystic Mountain Eco-park. Problems : - over-reliant on tourism -> seasonality - Cruise Ship pollution -> smoke and GHG's from cruise ships, lost 80% of coral in last 30 years.
27
Nigeria's Current Economy
78% Crude Petroleum 9% Petroleum Gas 7% Refined Petroleum
28
What is happening to Nigeria's economy
1991: large primary sector, 25% secondary 2019 : 50 % primar, small secondary and larger tertiary. Higher incomes -> people buy more -> nee more tertiary in retail eg. shopkeepers Nigeria's government doesn't take much taxes. Corruption - money stolen by politicians.
29
How could manufacturing in Nigeria help to develop
Kia and VW invested because lower labour costs increasing income of people means more people can afford people have very few appliances becasue companies think they can't afford. Higher income allows them to spend on appliances. Higher incomes means more people set up companies in Nigeria. MULTIPLIER EFFECT 30% corporate taxN
30
Nigeria's Oil
Oil discovered in Nigeria in mid 1950s 35 billion barrel of oil reserves found beneath niger delta. gas reserves of 100 trillion cubic feet Oil spills - two oil spills in 2008 natural gas flares 7000 oil spills already.
31
Transnational Corporations in Nigeria
Positives: Provide jobs in factories Have charities to help the people Improved infrastructure $12 billion spent $20 billion taxes in 2013 Negatives: Polluting environment Oil spills Human rights abuse work 12+ hours in poor conditions Child labour decrease the amount of tax they are paying.
32
Nigeria ECOWAS
Nigeria is part of a trading group called (Economic communities of West African States) ECOWAS
33
Trade in Nigeria
Exports - 72.4% Crude Petroleum, 14.8% Petroleum Gas, 1.8% Refined Petroleum. 15.5% of exports to India and 15.5% to USA and 10.3% to Spain. Imports - 11.1% Refined Petroleum, 4.52% Passenger and Cargo Ships, 4.12% Wheat 31.1% from China, 7.37% from Netherlands, 6.5% from USA.
34
Chinese aid in Nigeria
Building railway from lagos to calabar deepest port in africa - biggest ships most goods. Free trade zone - no tax. 17000 jobs more imports for nigeria and exports for china $16 billion in nigerias oil chinese influence - forced to buy chinese products.
35
Types of aid
multilateral aid - given from governments through international organisations like the world bank. bilateral aid - given directly from one government to another as aid short term emergency relief - is given by individuals and companies and distributed by charities to cope with disasters long term development assistance - is given by individuals and companies through charities to help improve the lives of others
36
What will impact nigerias export incomes
- demand for oil - switching to sustainable energy - international agreements + pressures - non-renewables
37
Effects of economic development in Nigeria - income inequality
- corruption - taxes spent on machinery not on the people - government is oil rich - no interest in improving other industries.
38
Effects of economic development in Nigeria - Impacts on people
Squatter settlements are more common in towns, very densely populated with poor services traffic congestion is more of a problem in Nigerian cities such as lagos. Economic development in niger delta has cause conflict with locals.
39
Effects of economic development in Nigeria - impact on water
Many harmful pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels. some industries dispose chemical waste polluting ground water Oil spills in Niger delta have had disastrous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems
40
Effects of economic development in Nigeria - Impacts on soil and vegetation
96% of Nigeria's forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture, urban expansion, roads and industrial development. desertification is a major problem in Nigeria, made worse by large scale dams and irrigation scheme oil spills cause acid rain which pollutes plants. tin mining leads to soil erosion
41
Privitisation definition
when govenment owned companies become owned by non - governmental organisations to make profit.
42
Government policies in UK
1945-1979 - state run industries created (British steel cooperation) 1984 - Privatisation of BT 1984- 1985 - Margret thatcher closes most coal mines 1994 - privatisation of British rail 2009 - Eu common fisheries policy aims to prevent over fishing 2023 - £4.3bn invested into high - value manufacturing
43
Impacts of Government policies in UK
Soc: - job losses since they weren't safe - reduction in amenities eco: - reduction in taxes - less taxes spent in other industries env: - makes climate change worse in other countries - reduces overfishing
44
Globalisation definition
Globalisation is when the world becomes increasingly interconnected ( e.g by trade, migration or communication)
45
Effects of globalisation
Higher GDP, Cheaper products Increasing primary import increasing tertiary export.
46
Post industrial economy definition
A post industrial economy is one where the manufacturing industry is replaced by the tertiary sector ( and then the tertiary sector)
47
Sustainability definition
Sustainability is meeting the needs without compromising the ability of the future to meet their own needs.
48
Environmental impacts of Industry
- Steam - local clouds - rain - fossil fuels plants - risk of acid rain - visual impact - greenhouse effect - pollution + runoff into rivers - toxins
49
Sustainable industry methods
Green technology Desulphurisation Uk Clean Air Act of 1968 - all chimneys must be 30m tall Fines - unlimited fines if you break the rules - instead of £250,000
50
Torr Quarry, Somerset
Outside Mendiphill - 100 employees - mine limestone 75% of limestone leaves by train - less GHG's releases + reduces traffic 200 acres of previous quarry was replanted and regenerated. Monitoring + acting on Water Pollution, Vibrations, Noise pollution, light pollution, dust pollution.
51
Counter Urbanisation definition
When people move from urban to rurla areas.
52
Rural Buckinghamshire
- Good transport to london and Oxford - chiltern railways + M40 - Commuter towns busy at 8am and 6pm - Picturesque countryside - chilterns - Good school system - grammar schools - From 2010 - 2020 there is a 9.5% population increase - Population of 550,000. Only 9% of southern Buckinghamshire is urban
53
Outer Hebridies
Population Stonoway: 4500 Impact on services: Number of school children expected to fall post offices closing Impact on dependant population : Fewer working people as they move away Increase in elderly population 45+ years. Decrease in youth population.
54
Devolution definition
transfer of powers and funding from national to local government
55
Causes of North South divide
- Deindustrialisation - Accessible for trade - close to europe in south - Closer to capital - Climate - 50% more investment in south than in the north.
56
Closing the divide - Devolution
1.4bn investment deal for the north england Adv: 48mil per year for north covering 2 million people. 563m transport budget. Disadvantage - not much progress made towards improving the north south divide since then. Regional divide is getting worse. Increases social and identity divides within the country.
57
Closing the divide - Northern Powerhouse
Government will invest in transport infrastructure to improve connections between tand withing the north. Examples: London to Newcastle A1(M): This £380m upgrade of the A1(M) will reduce journey times by 20. £1billion boost to the economy North Wales to Liverpool : £16m development of the Halton cureve will allow direct trains between north wales and liverpool fior the first time in decades. Adv: employment increased by 7%, 34,520 more professional tertiary jobs Disadv: geographically fuzzy with insufficient funding 200,000 children living in poverty 150,000 in jobs below living wage.
58
Uk exports
Countries: United States, Germany, Ireland. Goods: Cars, mechanical power generators, medicinal and pharmaceutical products
59
Uk imports
Countries: United States, Netherlands, Sweden, Goods: Cars, Refined oil, Crude oil,
60
examples of main Uk transport
Anglesey to Ireland Portsmouth to spain and France Chanel tunnel - 20 million use it each year Heathrow - 2nd busiest international airport in the world. 60million passenger/ year Felix stone - Uks largest container port
61
Uk culture
Tv: £1.4bn in 2023 Music : exports of £4bn in 2023 Festivals : Noting hill carnival Fashion L e.g. London Fashion week Food : Balti triangle Demographics : 20% non-white
62
Uk electonic communication
Uk has 50 undersea internet connections UK has more than EU Artic fibre connection - £1.2bn
63
The UK and EU
1973 - UK join ECC - European Economic Community 1985 - Schengen - allowed migration - Uk didn't want immigrants 1992 - The EU was formed 2002 - The euro was introduced - Uk didn't 2007 - The lisbon treaty - EU laws went over UK laws - UK didn't like this 2016 - 51.9% didn't like this - North South divide 2020 - Brexit happened on January 31st - 3 year pulling out period
64
The Uk and Commonwealth
- 56 countries most of which are former territories fo the British empire - the monarch - head of commonwealth - uks biggest influence Adv: - easier to vote if you come from commonwealth - got a visa, to get a job, to study, - all english speaking Charter of the commonwealth - equality for all, right to vote, freedom Commonwealth games.
65
Facts about UK roads
2014 - Government announced road investment strategy with £15 bn. 100 new road schemes 1300 new lane miles added to motorways extra lanes added to motorways to turn them into smart motorways
66
Southwest super highway
£2billion road widening project will create jobs in construction involves digging 3km tunnel beneath stonehenge
67
Northern Powerhouse road infrastructure
London to Newcastle A1(M): This £380m upgrade of the A1(M) will reduce journey times by 20. £1billion boost to the economy North Wales to Liverpool : £16m development of the Halton cureve will allow direct trains between north wales and liverpool fior the first time in decades
68
Ways improving roads improves development
Links producers to customers workers to jobs students to school ill to hospitals
69
HS2
£50 Billion plan to connect London to Birmingham and then sheffield and then liverpool Started in 2017 and will finish in 2033
70
London Crossrail
Carries 200 million passenger every year cost 14.8 billion from reading to abbey wood
71
of london underground Challenges
Space - will be underground and can ruin the terrain price - will be very expensive and questions asked on investments
72
Ways improving rail causes development
Allows produce like milk and egg to be transported quickly allows longer distance commutes to work
73
Heathrow third runway
cost 18.6 billion set to be built closer to the M25 junction and the M25 will be going underneath it.
74
Advantages of Heathrow third runway
increases total capacity to 130 million increase total flights to 747,000
75
Disadvantages of Heathrow third runway
increases noise pollution for neighbour and will increase footfall in the area making it more busy.
76
Ways improving airports causes development
Will allow more workers to come from abroad Allows more travel and more revenue
77
Facts about UK shipping
32 million passengers travel through UK ports every year Ports employ 120,000 people
78
Liverpool 2
Will create a large port in liverpool that will create lots of jobs, boost the economy of the north west, and reduce the amount of freight traffic in the north west
79
Top 5 ports
Felixstowe - around 3,500 employees Southampton - Located 16km inland Tilbury - London - Immingham -
80
Ways improving ports causes development
Allows more goods to be traded Allow creation of more jobs

GCSE AQA GEOGRAPHY (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions