P2 - Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

Define ceramics

A

Non-metal solids with high melting points. They aren’t made from carbon-based compounds. They are made from materials such as clay or glass

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2
Q

What is the difference between soda-like glass and borosilicate glass and what are they both made of?

A

Soda-lime has a lower melting point.
Both made of a mixture of sand with other substances:
Soda-lime with limestone and sodium carbonate
Borosilicate with boron trioxide

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3
Q

Define composites

A

Made of one material embedded in another. Fibres/fragments surrounded by matrix acting as binder.

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4
Q

What are the four types of composites and their properties?

A
  • Fibreglass - glass in polymer- low density and very strong
  • Carbon fibre - polymer matrix, chain of carbons or carbon nanotubes - very strong and light
  • Concrete - aggregate(sand and gravel) in cement - very strong
  • Wood - cellulose fibres in polymer - natural
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5
Q

What causes different densities in poly(ethene)?

A

Low density - moderate temp under high pressure

High density - low temp under low pressure with different catalyst

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6
Q

What is the difference between thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers?

A

Thermosoftening - individual polymer chains joined by weak forces, can be melted
Thermosetting - contain monomers and cross links between chains, don’t soften, very hard

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7
Q

What are the properties of each of the materials?

A

Ceramics - insulators, brittle
Polymers - insulators, flexible, easily moulded
Composites - strength depends on matrix
Metals - malleable, good conductors, ductile, stiff , shiny

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8
Q

Define an alloy

A

Made by adding another element to a metal to make it stronger.

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9
Q

Which elements corrode easily?

A

Iron and steel

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10
Q

What is needed for iron to rust?

A

Both Air and water

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11
Q

What are the two main ways to prevent rusting?

A

Paint it
Electroplating (electrolysis to coat with different metal)
Oiling/greasing
Galvanised in zinc (sacrificial protection)

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12
Q

Define finite resources

A

Means non-renewable so it will eventually run out

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of extracting finite resources

A

Advantages - useful products made, creates jobs, brings money
Disadvantages - uses lots of energy, scars landscape, produces waste, destroys habitats

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14
Q

Define bioleaching

A

Bacteria are used to convert copper ore into soluble copper compounds by separating copper from ore. The leachate (solution produced) contains copper ions which are extracted by electrolysis or displacement reaction.

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15
Q

Define phytomining

A

Growing plants in soil that contains copper. Copper builds up in leaves and when harvested are dried and burned. The ash contains soluble copper compounds which are extracted by electrolysis or displacement reaction.

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16
Q

How is glass recycled?

A

It is crushed and melted.

17
Q

What are the four stages of the Life Cycle Assessment?

A
  1. Raw materials - extraction damages environment and uses energy
  2. Manufacture and packaging - causes pollution, uses energy, some waste turned into useful chemicals
  3. Using product - Can damage environment (depends on use), the length of use (longer life means less waste)
  4. Product disposal - landfills pollute, energy used in transportation, may be incinerated causing air pollution.
18
Q

Define potable water

A

Water that’s been treated so is safe to drink.

19
Q

What are the different ways of making potable water?

A

Filtration + Sterilisation - wire mesh removes twigs, sand and gravel beds filter any solid particles; water sterilised by chlorine to kill harmful bacteria or microbes.

Distillation - test for correct pH (if too high/low use titration to neutralise); test for sodium chloride; heat water to form steam, condenses in condenser to form water.

20
Q

Define reverse osmosis

A

Salty water passed through membrane that only allows water particles to pass - separates water from salt

21
Q

What is the disadvantage of distillation and reverse osmosis to produce potable water?

A

It uses a lot of energy

22
Q

Describe the stages of waste water treatment

A
  1. Screened - to remove large bits
  2. Sedimentation - heavy solids sink to produce sludge while light floats on top called effluent
  3. Aerobic digestion - air pumped through effluent to get bacteria to break down organic matter and microbes
  4. Anaerobic digestion - sludge broken down releases methane as energy source
  5. If contains toxins then add chemicals like UV radiation
23
Q

Define the Haber Process

A

Makes ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen by being passed over a catalyst. This is a reversible reaction. Ammonia used in fertilisers.

24
Q

What do fertilisers do?

A

Replace missing elements or provide more of them which increases crop yield.

25
Q

What does NPK Fertilisers stand for?

A

N - nitrogen
P - phosphorus
K - potassium