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P3- Particle Model of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What is density?

A

The measure of the compactness of a substance

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2
Q

Density=

A

mass(kg)/volume(m^3)

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3
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The energy stored by the particles that make up a system

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4
Q

Where is the energy in a system stored?

A

By its particles

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5
Q

What is the internal energy of a system?

A

The total energy that its particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores

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6
Q

How do particles gain energy?

A

Through heating

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7
Q

What conserves mass?

A

A change in state

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8
Q

What is it called when a solid goes straight to a gas?

A

Sublimating

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9
Q

Is a change in state a physical or chemical change?

A

Physical

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10
Q

What does a change in state require?

A

Energy

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11
Q

What do bonds do when condensing or freezing?

A

Form, which releases energy

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12
Q

What happens when bonds form?

A

The internal energy energy goes down, but the temperature doesn’t

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13
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1 kg mass

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14
Q

What is the difference of specific latent heat when heating and cooling?

A

Cooling is the energy released

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15
Q

What is specific latent called when changing from a solid to liquid?

A

specific latent heat of fusion

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16
Q

What is specific latent called when changing from a liquid to a gas?

A

specific latent heat of vaporisation

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17
Q

Specific latent heat=

A

mass/energy

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18
Q

What is the unit for specific latent heat?

A

j/kg

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19
Q

What does the particle model help with?

A

Explains how temperature, pressure, volume and energy in kinetic stores are all related

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20
Q

What do colliding gas particles create?

A

Pressure

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21
Q

What leads to a net force and gas pressure

increase?

A

Faster particles and more frequent collisions

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22
Q

Are pressure and volume inversely proportional?

A

Yes

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23
Q

pV=

A

constant

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24
Q

Can change in pressure cause a change in volume?

A

Yes

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25
What can a change in pressure cause?
- A change in volume | - A net outwards force at right angles in the surface of its container
26
Why can there sometimes be a force on the outside of a container?
Because of the pressure on the gas around it
27
What can doing work on gas do to its temperature?
Increase it
28
What is it called when you transfer energy by applying a force?
You do work
29
What doing work on a gas increase?
It's internal energy
30
What is an example of mechanically 'doing work'?
A bike pump
31
What is the definition of density? State | the relevant equation with units.
● The mass per unit volume of a material ● ⍴=m/v ● Density (kg/m³), Mass (kg), Volume (m³)
32
State the different states of matter in order (least to | most) of density of atoms.
● Least dense: Gas ● Liquid ● Most dense: Solid
33
Describe the particle arrangement of a | solid.
Tightly packed in a regular arrangement. | Particles can only vibrate on the spot.
34
Describe the particle arrangement of a | liquid.
Close together, but with an irregular arrangement. They can flow over each other.
35
Describe the particle arrangement of a gas.
Separated, with no regular arrangement. | Particles can move freely.
36
What is always conserved when a substance | undergoes a change of state?
Mass
37
How does a change of state differ from a | chemical change?
In a change of state, the material can return to having its previous properties if the change is reversed. In a change of state, the material can return to having its previous properties if the change is reversed. In a change of state, the material can return to having its previous properties if the change is reversed.
38
What is sublimation?
When a solid changes into a gas without | passing through a liquid state.
39
What is evaporation?
When a liquid changes into a gas state.
40
What is is the opposite of evaporation?
Condensation, which is when a gas | changes into a liquid state.
41
When water boils in an open pan, why does the mass of the pan of water appear to decrease?
Some of the water will evaporate and turn into water vapour. This will leave the pan meaning the mass of the pan will decrease. The mass of the whole system however remains constant.
42
Explain the processes involved when a bathroom | mirror mists up.
● Hot water evaporates to form water vapour ● This water vapour lands on the cooler mirror ● The vapour condenses and returns to liquid state on the mirror’s surface
43
What is the internal energy of a | substance?
● The energy stored by the particles ● The sum of the total kinetic and potential energies that make up the system
44
How does heating affect the energy of a substance?
● Heating transfers energy to the substance ● It increases the energy of the particles that make up the substance
45
What two things can heating a substance do?
1. Raise its temperature | 2. Change the state of the substance
46
What three factors determine the | temperature change of a system?
1. Mass of substance being heated 2. Type of material (Specific heat capacity) 3. Energy inputted into the system
47
State the equation used to calculate the temperature change when a substance is heated. Give appropriate units.
● ΔE = m c Δ𝛉 ● Energy (J), Mass (kg), Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg/°C), Temperature (°C)
48
Describe how the internal energy and temperature of a substance changes when a change of state occurs.
● The internal energy of the substance will be increased or decreased ● The temperature of the substance will remain constant
49
State the equation for the energy required to change state. Give appropriate units.
● Energy to change state = mass x specific latent heat ● Energy (J), Mass (kg), Specific latent heat (J/kg)
50
What is the specific latent heat of fusion?
The energy required to change 1kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state without a change in temperature.
51
Describe the motionof molecules in a | gas.
They are in constant random motion.
52
What factor affects the average kinetic | energy of gas molecules?
● The temperature of the substance ● The higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy of the molecules
53
What effect does increasing temperature have on the pressure of a gas when held at constant volume?
Pressure of the gas will increase as the | temperature increases.
54
``` Why does pressure increase as temperature increases (at a constant volume)? ```
``` ● Kinetic energy of molecules increases ● Collisions between molecules becomes more frequent ● Greater rate of change of momentum ● Greater force and therefore pressure ```
55
If gas A is at a low pressure, and gas B is at a high pressure, what can be said about the rate of collisions in each gas?
● There are more collisions per second in gas A than in gas B ● The rate of collisions is higher in A
56
Describe the force that the pressure of a gas exerts | on the walls of its container.
● The net force acts at right-angles to the container’s surface ● The force increases as pressure increases
57
Explain how increasing the volume of a gas results | in a decrease of pressure.
● Molecules become more spread out and so time between collisions increases ● This reduces the rate of collisions ● Rate of change of momentum decreases, and so force exerted on container decreases, resulting in a lower pressure
58
What can be said about the product of pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature?
It is constant. | p V = constant
59
What is the unit used for pressure?
Pascal (Pa)
60
What increases when you do work on a | gas?
● The internal energy of the gas ● This can also lead to an increase of temperature
61
Why does the temperature of air inside a bike pump | increase when it is pumped?
● Work is done on a gas when it is compressed ● Doing work on a gas increases its internal energy, so also increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules ● Temperature increases with an increase of average kinetic energy

Physics (8 decks)

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