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CAM304 - ANATOMY > P4: Triangles of the neck; face & scalp > Flashcards

P4: Triangles of the neck; face & scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle forms the boundary between the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid.

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2
Q

What are the actions of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Unilaterally: contraction causes head to turn to opposite side, or lateral flexion to the same side.
Bilaterally: Flexion of head and accessory muscle of respiration (helps lift the sternum)

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3
Q

What is the innervation of SCM?

A

CN XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)

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4
Q

Which muscle forms the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Trapezius

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5
Q

What are the actions of trapezius?

A

Rotation, elevation, retraction and depression of the scapula

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6
Q

What is the innervation of trapezius?

A

CN XI (Spinal Accessory nerve)

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7
Q

Which borders of the triangles of the neck are formed by bones (and which bones?

A

Anterior triangle superior border is formed by the mandible.

Posterior triangle inferior border is formed by the medial clavicle.

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8
Q

Which muscle (specific part of it) passes THROUGH the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

The inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

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9
Q

Which muscles form the form floor of the posterior triangle of the neck (superiorly to inferiorly?)

A
  1. Splenius Capitus
  2. Levator Scapulae
  3. Posterior Scalene
  4. Middle Scalene
  5. Anterior Scalene
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10
Q

What are the names of the smaller triangles into which the anterior triangle of the neck is divided?

A
  1. Submental
  2. Submandibular
  3. Carotid
  4. Muscular (visceral)
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11
Q

Which anatomical structures pass ANTERIOR to the anterior scalene?

A
  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Subclavian Vein
  3. Internal Jugular vein
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12
Q

Which anatomical structures pass between the anterior and middle scalene?

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. Proximal brachial plexus
  3. Cervical plexus
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13
Q

Which muscles & bones separate the anterior cervical triangle into sub-triangles?

A
  1. Posterior belly of digastric
  2. Anterior belly of digastric
  3. Omohyoid muscle
  4. Hyoid bone
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14
Q

What are the four sub triangles of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  1. Submandibular
  2. Submental
  3. Carotid
  4. Muscular
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15
Q

Where does the common carotid bifurcate into the internal and external carotid?

A

In the carotid triangle within the anterior triangle of the neck.

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16
Q

What are the names of the infrahyoid strap muscles - which are superficial and which are deeper.

A

SUPERFICIAL

  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Omohyoid

DEEPER

  1. Sternothyroid
  2. Thryohyoid
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17
Q

What are the actions of the strap muscles of the neck?

A

Collectively they lower the larynx (except one) during swallowing, and stabilise the hyoid bone

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18
Q

What is the innervation of these muscles?

A

All C1-C3 ansa cervicalis except thyrohyoid which is innervated by C1 fibres travelling with the hypoglossal nerve.

19
Q

What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles, and what is their innervation?

A

Suprahyoid muscles innervated by the Mandibular division of CNV (V3)

  1. Anterior belly of digastric
  2. Mylohyoid (floor of mouth)

Innervated by facial nerve (CNVII)

  1. Stylohyoid
  2. Posterior belly of digastric

Innervated by C1 (carried by hypoglossal [CNXII] nerve)
1. Geniohyoid

20
Q

What are the layers of the scalp, from superficial to deep?

A 
Skin
Connective Tissue (Dense)
Aponeurosis 
Loose Connective Tissue
Pericranium (Periosteum)
21
Q

Which muscles form the aponeurosis of the scalp?

A

Frontalis muscle anteriorly, and occipitalis muscle posteriorly (occipitofrontalis muscle).

22
Q

What is unique about muscles of facial expression regarding their origin and insertion?

A

Most originate from bone and insert into skin. They are mainly dilators and constrictors.

23
Q

What are the parts of the orbicularis oris?

A

Outer orbital part, inner palpebral part (eyelid)

24
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

CNVII - Facial Nerve

25
Q

What are the names of the branches of the facial nerve?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal Mandibular
  5. Cervical
26
Q

Which structure do all the branches of the facial nerve pass through?

A

Parotid gland.

27
Q

Which layer of the neck contains the Platysma muscle?

A

Superficial fascia (hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue)

28
Q

Which muscle innervates the Platysma muscle?

A

Cervical branch of facial nerve (it is a muscle of facial expression).

29
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the deep fascia of the neck called? What does it surround, and what does it split to contain?
What is its relation to the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

The investing fascia (superficial layer of deep fascia) encircles the entire neck. It splits to contain the SCM and trapezius muscles. It is considered to form the roof of both anterior and posterior triangles of the neck.

30
Q

What does the prevertebrael fascia contain?

A

The cervical vertebrae and associated muscles.

31
Q

What does the visceral fascia contain?

A

The larynx, oesophagus, thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, larynx and pharynx.

32
Q

Which fascias fuse together to form the visceral fascia?

A

Pretracheal and Buccopharyngeal fascia

33
Q

What is contained in the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid arteries, internal carotid artery (bifurcation of carotids), internal jugular vein, vagus nerve and deep cervical lymph nodes.

34
Q

What are the key features of the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Anterior to trachea
  2. Has an isthmus across trachea
  3. Large left and right lobes
  4. Parathyroid glands are embedded in posterior aspect
  5. Pyramidal lobe may be present
35
Q

Which arteries supply the thyroid gland, what what are their origins

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery from external carotid artery
  2. Inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk which is a branch of the subclavian artery
  3. Sometimes the thyroid ima artery (present infrequently) which branches directly from the subclavian artery
36
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A
  1. Superior thyroid veins –> internal jugular
  2. Middle thyroid veins —> internal jugular
  3. Inferior thyroid veins —> brachiocephalic veins
37
Q

The thyroid glands arteries and veins tend to run on opposite sides of the organ - which travel anterior primarily, and which travel more posteriorly?

A

Veins tend to be anterior, while arteries tend to be posterior.

38
Q

Which nerve travels with which of the thyroid arteries? What is the clinical concern?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve travels with the inferior thyroid arteries. Concerns arise during surgery, particularly thyroidectomy, as damage to this nerve can have catastrophic effects for vocal cords.

39
Q

Describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branches from the vagus nerve as it descends, and then looks around the aorta on the left or subclavian artery on the right, and then travels superiorly in a groove between the trachea an oesophagus. It runs alongside the inferior thyroid artery as it continues to ascend.

40
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Some Anatomists Like Freakout Out Poor Med Students!

  1. Superficial Thyroid
  2. Ascending Pharyngeal
  3. Lingual
  4. Facial
  5. Occipital
  6. Posterior auricular
  7. Maxillary
  8. Superficial temporal
41
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery?

A
  1. Vertebral artery
  2. Internal thoracic artery
  3. THyrocervical trunk
  4. Costocervical trunk
  5. Dorsal scapular
42
Q

How does the subclavian artery terminate?

A

By passing over the first rib it becomes the axillary artery

43
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between the subclavian artery and the scalenes?

A

It passes between the anterior and middle scalene along with the subclavian vein (check this!)

CAM304 - ANATOMY (7 decks)

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