P4: Waves Flashcards

(29 cards)

1
Q

Transverse waves

A

The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy travel. Examples are:
All EM waves
Seismic waves
Ripples

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2
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy travel
The waves squash up and spread out making compressions and rarefactions
Examples are:
Sound
P waves

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3
Q

V = x/t

A

Wave speed = distance/time

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4
Q

V = f x λ

A

Wave speed = frequency x wavelength

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5
Q

Oscilloscope

A

You can use two microphones and an oscilloscope to find the wavelength of a sound

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6
Q

Wave behaviour at boundaries

A

When a wave meets a boundary three things can happen

  1. Absorption by the second material - usually turned into thermal energy
  2. Transmission through the second material (refraction)
  3. The wave is reflected
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7
Q

Refraction

A

Waves at different speeds in materials with different densities so when a wave hits a boundary it changes speed
If this happens at an angle the wave will change direction (refraction) this will always bend towards the normal
Because different colours of light have different wavelengths this can lead to the wavelengths splitting up if the 2 ended of a block of glass are not parallel the spectrum will not turn back into white light

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8
Q

Sound

A

These are caused by vibrating objects these vibrations cause compressions and rarefactions in the air
Sound waves can refract as they enter materials
Sound waves can be reflected by hard surfaces as it is harder for them to travel through these (echos)
No sound in space because it is a vacuum

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9
Q

Ear

A

When a sound wave meant your ear drum it causes it to vibrate
These vibrations are passed on to tiny bones called ossicles through the semicircular canals and into the cochlea
These get turned into electrical signals that go to your brain

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10
Q

Ultrasound

A

Ultrasound is sound with frequencies higher than 20000Hz. This is outside human hearing range

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11
Q

Ultrasound uses

A

Medical imaging - ultrasound imaging is used as the waves can pass through the body but When they meet a boundary they reflect so you see the reflections of the foetus
Industry- find a flaw in a material

Echo sounding

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12
Q

Infrasound

A

Infrasound is sound with frequency’s lower than 20Hz

Under our hearing

Uses
Some animals use this to communicate
Detecting seismic activity as they release these

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13
Q

Reflection

A

The law of reflection - angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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14
Q

what do waves transfer and not transfer

A
  • energy and information

- not matter

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15
Q

what is the frequency of a wave

A

number of waves passing a point each second

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16
Q

what is the equation for the velocity of a wave using frequency

A

v = f * wavelength (lambda)

17
Q

example of a transverse wave

18
Q

example of a longitudinal wave

19
Q

what is amplitude and what is it responsible for

A

amplitude is the vertical length of a wave from the rest position (line drawn through the middle)
- `and is responsible for the distance an object travels to make noise

20
Q

what is the period of a wave

A
  • the number of seconds it takes for one full cycle

- period = 1 / frequency

21
Q

how do longitudinal waves travel

A
  • longitudinal waves squash up and stretch out the arrangement of particles in the medium they pass through
  • making compressions and rarefactions
22
Q

what is ultrasound

A

sound with a frequency greater than 20,000 hz

23
Q

how is the distance between a ship and the seabed figured out with ultrasound

A
  • pulse of sonar is shot from the ship to the seabed
  • the echo of it is detected
  • time taken for the echo to travel back to the ship / 2 (with the speed of ultrasound in water known) allows them to calculate the depth of seabed
24
Q

explain how ultrasound is used in foetal scanning

A
  • ultrasound is shot at the foetus with an ultrasound transmitter
  • when it reaches a boundary between 2 different media
  • like the fluid in womb and skin of foetus
  • some of the wave is reflected back
  • exact timing and distribution of echoes are processed by a computer to produce a video image
25
how is ultrasound used in the body for scanning
- ultrasound shot at person - between 2 different media some of it is reflected back and processed by a computer (echoes) - a video image is shown
26
what happens to a wave when it passes from one medium into another
- some of the wave is reflected off the boundary between the two media - some is transmitted and refracted (partial reflection)
27
how is the way a wave reacts when passing through two media used with pulses
- you can point a short burst of ultrasound at an object | - wherever there are boundaries between one substance and another, some ultrasound gets reflected back
28
how can you measure how fat away a boundary is when using ultrasound
the time it takes for the reflections to reach a detector
29
what is ultrasound used in
- medical imaging like pre-natal scanning of foetus - industrial imaging like finding flaws in amterials - echo sounding