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GCSE Physics > P6 Waves > Flashcards

P6 Waves Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance from a point on a wave to the equivalent point on. The adjacent one. Measured in meters

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2
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position.

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3
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of complete waves that pass a point in 1 second.

Measured in Hertz

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4
Q

What is time period?

A

The time to complete one wavelength

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5
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Particles are at right angles to the direction of the energy transfer. Move up & down. Eg. Water waves

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6
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

The vibrations of the particles are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Move left & right

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7
Q

What is compression

A

Where the particles are closer together

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8
Q

What is rarefaction

A

When the particles are spread out.

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9
Q

Sound waves

A

They are longitudinal.

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10
Q

Change in speed of sound waves

A

When a sound is transmitted across a boundary from one medium to another, it’s speed changes.( frequency stays the same and wavelength changes)

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11
Q

Electromagnetic waves

A

Microwaves- transfers data to mobile phones
Electric fire- transfers infrared waves to heat us up
Ultraviolet- transferred from the sun
X-Ray machine -transfers X-rays which some of is absorbed by the body.
Radioactive sources- transfer gamma rays

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12
Q

What is an echo?

A

A reflected sound

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13
Q

Echo sounding

A

Animals can hear higher frequencies than us. Bats emit pulses of 20000Hz to 100000Hz.
Ships use high frequency sounds to find the depth of the seabed or to locate a shoal of fish.

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14
Q

What is the human sound range?

A

20Hz to 20KHz

Anything above 20KHz are considered ultrasounds

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15
Q

RP: measuring the wavelength and speed in a ripple tank and waves in a solid.

A

Use a ripple tank to measure/calculate wavelength and frequency then work out speed.
Use a mechanical vibrator to vibrate a stretched string. To produce a transverse wave. Once the wave is travelling at a steady speed count the wavelength and frequency then calumet the speed.

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16
Q

What is a ray diagram?

A

Model that shows the number of lines (rays) travelling in a straight line between the wave source and an object or surface. The arrow on the ray shows the direction it is traveling in.
Incident Ray is the one going to the surface and the rejection Ray is the one going away from the surface

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17
Q

What happens when a wave meets a boundary?

A

It is either reflected, absorbed or transmitted

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18
Q

Law of reflection

A

When a wave is reflected off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

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19
Q

What is refraction

A

When a wave changes direction & speed when it enters a different medium.

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20
Q

RP: investigate the reflection of light by different types of surface and the refraction of light by different substances

A

Specular reflection- all light rays reflected at the same angle
Diffuse reflection- light from one direction is reflected at many different angles.
When light rays enter a denser material, it bends towards the normal.
The angle of reflection should be the same as the angle of refraction.

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21
Q

Speed of sound in different media

A

Solids are dense so sound travels the quickest in them as the particles are closely packed together.

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22
Q

Uses of ultrasound

A

Industrial- find cracks/ gaps in aircrafts & measure thickness of objects
Medical- body scans (babies in the womb), measure speed of blood flow in a vein or artery

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23
Q

Why do we use ultra sounds instead of X-rays

A

Safety- ultrasounds are safe, X-rays are ionising radiation
Imaging- X-rays have high penetrating power so travel through soft tissue, ultrasounds reflect off soft tissue to produce an image

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24
Q

Why do we use gel?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gel creates a similar frequency so the ultrasound can pass through the skin to get a reflection from soft tissue

25
What do we use to measure seismic waves?
A seismometers
26
What are P waves
Is a primary (pressure wave) Longitudinal waves similar to a sound wave Speed generally increases with depth in the earth Can travel through solids and liquids Slower in liquids than in solids
27
What is an S wave?
``` Secondary (shear wave) Transverse wave Speed generally increases with depth in the earth Slower than P waves Can not travel through liquids ```
28
P wave shadows zones
Travel through both solids and liquids. As they move through each area, waves are refracted at each layers to create shadow zones
29
S wave shadow zones
S waves only pass through solids and can not be refracted through the core. Therefore a greater shadow zone is created.
30
Electromagnetic waves
Are transverse waves | All travel at the speed of light of 3.0 X 10 to the power of 8
31
Electromagnetic spectrum
``` Radio waves- longest wavelength Microwaves Infrared radiation Visible light Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays- highest frequency and energy ```
32
What will happen if you put foil behind a radiator?
Thermal energy will be reflected back. Keeping your house warmer
33
Refraction of electromagnetic waves
Can be refracted when they enter a medium in which the wave velocity is different. Shorter the wavelength, more the wav refracted. Amount of refraction can be affected by differences in the atmospheric temperature and pressure.
34
What is wavefront?
A line that joins all the points on a wave which are moving up and down together at the same time. The wavefront is at right angles to the direction the wave is travelling in.
35
What are X-rays
They have short wavelengths between 0.1 and 10nm. Created when high energy electrons suddenly loose energy. Produced artificially using a X-ray tube
36
What are X-rays used for?
Imaging- medical and industrial Security Treating cancer
37
Gamma rays
Wavelength between 0.001 and 0.1 nm
38
What are the uses of gamma rays?
Medical (tracers) Sterilising food and equipment Treating cancer (gamma knife) Industrial imaging
39
Ultraviolet radiation
Wavelength ranges between 10 to 1000nm We can't see it but some animals can Emitted from the sun
40
Uses of ultraviolet radiation
Bright clothing- certain chemicals absorb uv radiation and emit it as visible light (high vis) Security marking- special inks only viable in UV light Tanning Helps the skin make vitamin D
41
Protection from UV light
``` Cover up Stay in the shade Wear a wide brimmed hat Sunglasses Wear sun cream ```
42
RP: investigate the amount of infrared radiation absorbed or radiated by a surface depends on the nature of that surface
Have cube with hot water in it see which surface emits the most radiation using sensors. Also see which surface absorbs the most radiation The darker and duller the material the better it is at aborning and emitting infrared radiation
43
Properties of microwaves
Radio waves with shorter wavelengths Wavelength= 1mm to 30cm Less energy with phones than with cooking
44
Cooking with microwaves
Don't use flame or heated metal Quicker and cheaper Penetrated 1cm into outer layers before being absorbed Energy transfer makes fat and water molecules vibrate faster Energy is then transferred from water and fat molecules to centre of the food by conduction
45
Radar
Uses microwaves to pass through the atmosphere and is reflected back to detect objects in the way of the aircraft
46
What is an object that transmits light?
Transparent or translucent | Opaque objects don't let light through
47
How is the colour of an object determined?
Light can either be aborted or reflected In a black object all the light is absorbed In a white object all the light is reflected In a red object all the light is absorbed apart from the red light which is reflected etc.
48
Effect of colour filters
Colour filters work by absorbing certain wavelength (colours) and transmitting other wavelengths
49
Convex lens
Lens is narrow at the purposive and bulges in the middle
50
Concave lens
Lens is narrow in the middle and the widest at the outside
51
Principle axis
The horizontal line going through the centre of a lens
52
Principle focus
Light rays are travelling parallel to the principle axis of a convex lens are refracted to pass through the focus and the light rays are focuses at that point
53
Real image
Formed by the actual intersection of rays so it can be seen on a screen or other surface placed at the point of intersection
54
Focal length
The distance from the optical centre of the lens to the focal point/ principle focus
55
Forming a real image
1 draw a Ray from the object, parallel to the principal axis which refracts through the principal focus (on the other side of the lens) 2 draw a Ray from the object through the optical centre of the lens. This Ray does not change direction. 3 it is helpful to draw a third Ray to confirm the position of the image. Draw a Ray from the object through the principal focus infront of the lens to the lens and then parallel to the principal axis
56
A perfect black body
An object that absorbs all the radiation that falls onto it. It is also the best emitter of radiation.
57
Temperature of the earth
Energy entering the earths atmosphere have a shorter wavelength so are more penetrating. The earth emits radiation as its temperature is higher than that of its surroundings. Although they have a longer wavelength and are less penetrating so some is reflected back to Earth by the atmosphere.
58
3 main greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrogen
59
Changing the earths radiation balance
Changes in human activity | Eg. Burning less fossil fuels & preventing deforestation

GCSE Physics (9 decks)

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