PA Flashcards
1
Q
What is the formula for slope percentage
A
(Rise / run) x 100
2
Q
Slope for sewers
A
1/4” = 1’-0” (2% for 2” pipe)
or
1/8” = 1’-0” (1% for 3-6” pipe)
3
Q
Slope for site drainage
A
5% adjacent to buildings
2% for impervious surfaces
1.5%-10% for grass
4
Q
Slope for parking surfaces
A
2-3%
5
Q
Slope for ADA ramp
A
1:12 (8.33%)
6
Q
Slope for IBC ramps
A
1:12 for egress ramps
1:8 for non-egress ramps
7
Q
Define flood plain
A
Area at risk for accumulation of water
8
Q
Define water table
A
level at which the soil is fully saturated
9
Q
Define impervious surface
A
Does not allow the passing of water
10
Q
Define wetlands
A
Area with fluctuating water levels / marshes, native plants, wildlife, etc
11
Q
Define greywater
A
Domestic wastewater (does not contain solids or waste)
i.e. kitchen wash water, laundry water, etc
12
Q
Define runoff
A
streams formed from irrigation or precipitation
13
Q
What is dry floodproofing?
A
Protecting a building from the exterior by making it watertight
14
Q
What is wet floodproofing
A
modifying the interior of a building to allow water in and minimize the impact is has on the building
15
Q
What is the percent chance that a 100 year flood will occur each year
A
1%
16
Q
What is Base Flood Elevation
A
the height to which water water can be expected to rise in base flood. Used for insurance premiums and building construction requirements
17
Q
What is USCS and what do they do
A
Unified Soil Classification System - describes the size and composition of soils
18
Q
What are the 5 major classifications of soil
A
gravel
sands
silt / clays (LL<50%)
silt / clays (LL>50%)
organic soils
19
Q
What kinds of soils can never support a foundation
A
silt/clays
organic soils
20
Q
What are the two general types of foundation forms
A
spread and pile
21
Q
What is angle of repose
A
max angle or slope of a material before collapse
22
Q
What is liquefaction
A
When a soil behaves like a liquid - very bad for foundations
23
Q
What is a kip
A
equal to 1000lbs
24
Q
What are typical dimensions of loading areas
A
10-12’ wide
40’ long
14’ height clearance
60’ turning radius
25
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers
26
IES
Illuminating Engineering Society
27
GA
Gypsum Association
28
ACI
American Concrete Institute
29
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
30
AISC
American Institute of Steel Construction
31
AITC
American Institute of Timber Construction
32
What are the three tests most commonly used to rate the fire-resistance of construction assemblies
ASTM E119
NFPA 252
NFPA 257
33
ASTM E119
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
34
NFPA 252
Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
35
NFPA 257
Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies
36
What does zoning primarily regulate
-what a parcel of land may be used for
-how much of the land can be covered with buildings
-how large the structures may be
-how far the buildings must be set back from the property lines
-how much loading and parking must be provided
37
Best building orientation in Northern Hemisphere
5-25 degrees east of south
38
Parts of the "cool region"
Canada
Northern US
Mountainous regions of Colorado & Wyoming
39
Parts of "temperate" region
Mid-US
+ Some NE & NW US areas
40
Parts of "hot-humid" region
SE United States
41
Parts of "hot-arid" region
Southern CA to parts of southern TX
42
Building strategies for cold climates
minimize exposed surfaces to reduce heat loss
passive solar heating is not appropriate
Compact forms
Large SOUTH facing windows
interior materials that have high thermal mass
Dark exterior colors
43
Building strategies for temperate climates
oriented to maximize southern exposure
long building running in the east-west direction - facing slightly to the east
cooling effects of wind in summer - block wind in winter
medium colors for building exterior
44
Building strategies for hot-humid climates
Maximize natural ventilation with narrow floor plans that have cross ventilation
provide shade for all openings
use light colors for building exterior
45
Building strategies for hot-arid climates
shading from direct sunlight
when available, pools provide cooling through evaporation
compact forms
minimize openings
provide shade for openings
use light colors for building exterior
46
Passive solar cooling
utilizes shading, natural ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and ground coupling
47
Radiative cooling
uses thermal mass to store heat during the day and releases at night
48
ground coupling
uses the stable coolness of the earth to cool a building
49
Parallels and Meridian grid makes squares how large and called what
Checks that are 24 sq mi each
50
Each check (24 sq mi) is further divided into what
16 townships, 6 sq mi each
51
townships running east and west are referred to as a ___
township
52
townships that run north and south are referred to as a ___
range
53
What is another term for acre
hectares
54
What is the area of one acre
43,560 sq ft
55
What is the max slope for a road
10%
56
What is the max slope for a landscaped area
50%
57
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
MECHANICAL ROOMS
5-9% gross building area
58
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
TOILETS
generally, 50sf per water closet
59
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
7'-4" wide
6' deep
60
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
MAIN CORRIDORS
5'-7'
61
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
EXIT CORRIDORS
4'
(44" min by code)
62
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
MONUMENTAL STAIR
5'-8'
63
Space requirements for non-assignable areas:
EXIT STAIRS
4'
(44"min by code)
64
What is base building circulation
the minimum path on a multi-occupant floor necessary for access to and egress from occupant areas, elevators, stairs, restrooms, etc
65
What is amortization
payment of a loan using equal payments at equal intervals over the life of the loan
66
What is CC&Rs
"covenants, conditions, and restrictions"
67
What is conveyance
transferring an interest in a property to another person
68
What is usury
illegal practice of charging exorbitant interest rates on a loan
69
What is a zero lot line
allows a building to be constructed up to the property line with no setback
70
What is a brownfield
a previously developed, contaminated site
71
What building types (uses) could cause ground contamination
gas stations
manufacturing plants
railroads
chemical storage
oil refinery
72
What happens in Phase I ESA
visual inspection and research
73
What happens in Phase II ESA
soil samples sent to lab
74
Define chlorination
chemical treatment to remove certain atoms bonded to hazardous chemicals
75
Define soil vapor extraction
Removes VOCs from soils, sometimes used in conjunction with air injection systems
76
Define bioremediation
microorganisms used to degrade organic compounds in soils or groundwater
77
Define phytoremediation
Use of selected plants to remove or biostablize contaminants in soil or water
78
What is Mean Radiant Temperature
the average temperature in a specific location - i.e. by a window in sunlight
79
What materials can you use with Type I and II construction
concrete and steel
80
What materials can you use with Type V construction
any
81
What is the difference between A and B fire-resistance
A - PROTECTED
B - UNPROTECTED
82
What fire rating do exterior bearing walls with less than 20' clear receive
3hr
83
What would a non bearing exterior wall with 30' clear receive
0 hr
84
What would an exterior nonbearing wall with less than 30' clear receive
1hr
85
What is the difference between R-1 and R-2
R-1 is for transient occupants
R-2 is for permanent occupants
86
What are the dimensions for an accessible van space?
striped area?
11x20
5' wide
87
What is the max slop of a walking surface?
5% or 1:20
88
what is the minimum clear width for an accessible door?
32"
89
Do elevators require accessible forward reach or side reach configuration
either
90
What is the range of an unobstructed forward reach
15-48"
91
What door configuration of an elevator allows for maximization of net square footage of a building
36" off center door
92
What 3 things factor into how tall a building can be
Construction type
occupancy classification
sprinklers
93
What 4 things determine how much floor area can be built
construction type
occupancy classification
sprinklers
frontage increase
94
What is frontage increase
allows more area if building is surrounded by open space
95
What is the rule for frontage increase
every 20' open, the length of the wall can be multiplied by the depth of open area (up to 30')
96
What is the formula for single occupancy in a multi-story building
allowable area x
(nonsprinklered area x frontage increase factor) x number of stories (max 3)
97
What does Sa represent
actual number of stories, but can't exceed 3
98
What information is in tables 504
height / stories regulations
99
What information is in table 506
multi-story occupancy
100
What information is in Chapter 3 IBC
Use + occupancy types
101
What information is in Chapter 4 IBC
Special conditions of occupancy
102
What information is in Chapter 5 IBC
Incidental and accessory use
103
What information is in Chapter 10 IBC
Occupant loads
104
What is gross floor area? Where is it measured from?Does not include?
Gross floor area - total building floor area measured from inside of exterior walls
Does not include mechanical chases
105
What is net floor area? Does not include?
Usable floor area
Does not include mechanical chases, restrooms, corridors, interior walls, etc
106
What is incidental use?
a smaller area within a larger use type that supports the the larger use type
IS SEPARATED BY A RATED SYSTEM
107
What is accessory occupancy
an area that has its own classification with no rated separation
can be up to 10% of total use type
108
Zoning regulates ___ and ___
density and land use
109
What other building / zoning / site requirements might parking requirements compete with or need to be coordinated with
Green areas, runoff, accessibility (route distance)
110
Explain historic preservation
maintain existing - no new exterior features
111
Explain historic rehabilitation
making useful for new program (adaptive reuse)
112
explain historic restoration
choosing a period in history to renovate to; selective repairs
113
explain historic reconstruction
new construction replicating a historic building that no longer exists
114
What are actions that can be taken to reduce noise - ex noise from a highway
Move building from source of noise
minimize openings
face building inward (courtyard)
turn front of building away from noise source
use sound absorbing materials
115
When considering physical barriers for noise reduction, are barriers more effective closer to the source or closer to the building?
closer to source
116
What is the calculation for determine decibel increase or decrease
dB increases/decrease by (6) every time distance is doubled
117
What is 0 dB
What is 130dB
threshold for human hearing
pain threshold
118
What are 5 goals in stormwater management
delay runoff
replenish groundwater
increase evapotranspiration
clean water by passing through soil before returning to water system
prevent heat pollution from hot stormwater
119
What is surface runoff coefficient
what has a high / low coefficient
factor that relates the material of a surface to how much rainfall will run off of it
pavement / grass
120
Pile vs pier foundations
pile - driven
pier - bored
121
What is underpinning
support of an adjacent foundation
122
What is overall building efficiency
ratio of net assignable area to gross building area
123
what is the formula for
overall building efficiency
overall = base x int. eff.
124
what is the formula for
base bldg eff.
base = usable area / gross area
125
what is the formula for
interior layout eff.
net area / usable area
126
R/U ratio
rentable / usable
127
What are the 5 steps for programming
- establish goals
- collect + analyze facts
- uncover + test concepts
- determine needs
- state the problem
128
What is a brown sheet
a graphic tool used to visualize spaces - all spaces represented on one sheet as squares of relative size
129
Central vs Local HVAC
Central - in one location, dispersed throughout boiling by ductwork; more efficient
local - individual units; more control, take up less room
130
All air, all water, air and water HVAC
all air - used in centralized systems (VAV and CAV)
all water - used in local systems (fan coil, heat pump, etc)
air and water - mixture where it is mixed at a local level
131
Formula for water pressure
P = 0.433(H)
132
What IBC chapter covers Occupancy Type
Chapter 3
133
What IBC chapter covers construction type
Chapter 6
134
What IBC chapter covers building floor area and height
Chapter 5
135
What IBC chapter covers exits and egress
Chapter 10
136
What IBC chapter covers building separations and shafts
Chapter 7
137
What IBC chapter covers fire resistance
Chapter 7/8
138
What IBC chapter covers special conditions
Chapter 4
139
What is Type III construction
Mixed systems
140
What is Type IV construction
Heavy timber
141
What is Type V construction
Any material
142
What is Type I and II construction
Non combustible - either steel or concrete
143
4 major considerations when programming are
Form
Function
Time
Economy
