PA Boards App Flashcards

1
Q

Syndrome caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH); Usually affecting pts in their 40s; MC etiology is from a pituitary tumor*

A

Acromegaly

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2
Q

Pts may present w/ symptoms of tumor compression (HA, double vision, or visual field defects); Presentation is from soft tissue overgrowth; enlarged jaw, hands, and feet with coarsening of the facial features; HTN, cardiomegaly, insulin resistance & colonic polyps/cancer;

A

Acromegaly

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3
Q

MC reason for increased mortality is from cardiovascular disease

A

Acromegaly

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4
Q

First initial test is an insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-increased! MRI of pituitary

A

Acromegaly

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5
Q

Adrenal insufficiency; MC cause is from autoimmune destruction

A

Addisons Disease

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6
Q

Pts present with fatigue, weakness, anorexia, nausea, weight loss; Hyperpigmentation occurs from long-standing elevated ACTH levels; pt will also have hypotension, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis

A

Addison’s DIsease

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7
Q

Dx is confirmed with ACTH stimulation test (cosyntropin)-if cortisol levels DO NOT rise, adrenal insufficiency is confirmed

A

Addisons Disease

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8
Q

Tx of choice is Fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid)

A

Addison’s Disease

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9
Q

Increased cortisol levels from any source=

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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10
Q

Increased cortisol levels from a pituitary adenoma=

A

Cushing’s Disease

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11
Q

Pts present with central obesity, facial plethora, proximal weakness, striae, moon face, buffalo hump, HTN, diabetes, supraclavicular fat pads, and atrophy of the skin;

A

Cushing’s

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12
Q

Screen with 24H urine free cortisol, low dose dexamethasone test, or late night salivary test

A

Cushing’s

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13
Q

Autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells; will result in insulin dependence; can lead to DKA

A

T1DM

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14
Q

Characterized by insulin resistance related to obesity

A

T2DM

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15
Q

May present with obesity or acanthosis nigricans; consider dx in pts with prolonged or recurrent fungal infections

A

T2DM

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16
Q

Dx: Two fasting glucose levels >126; Once glucose level >200 with symptoms; HbA1C 6.5%; Positive 2hour or 3hour OGTT

A

Diabetes Mellitus

17
Q

Postive antibodies, low c-peptide, low insulin, and an elevated glucose

18
Q

No antibodies, normal to increased c-peptide, normal to increased insulin, and an elevated glucose

19
Q

Insulin is mainstay of tx; Pts should receive a basal insulin (Glargine) followed by a pre meal rapid acting insulin (Lispro)

20
Q

Increases insulin sensitivity and blocks gluconeogensis from the liver; does not cause weight gain or hypoglycemia

21
Q

Second line tx of DM in addition to Metformin OR first line if there are c/i to Metformin (elevated creatinine)

A

Sulfonylureas

22
Q

Triad: hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and serum ketones; MC cause is secondary to infection and misuse of insulin

23
Q

MC cause is Grave’s disease-an autoimmune disease that leads to TSH receptor antibodies

A

Hyperthyroidism

24
Q

Present with heat intolerance, weight loss, palpitations, hyperdefecation, anxiety, and tachycardia

A

Hyperthyroidism

25
Presents with eye (proptosis, chemosis, lid retraction, etc), and skin abnormalities (pretibial myxedema)
Grave's Disease
26
All will have suppressed TSH and an elevated FT4, except for pituitary adenoma which will have both an elevated TSH and FT4-NEED MRI
hyperthyroidism
27
Radioactive iodine uptake will show a deceased uptake in all forms except Grave's disease (will have elevated uptake)
hyperthyroidism
28
Tx= 1. Beta blockers used for adrenergic symptoms; 2. PTU or methimazole (first line) to stabilize; 3. Definitive tx is radioactive iodine; 4. Steroids used to tx ophthalmopathy; 5. Pregnant pts are treated with PTU for the first trimester, then switched to methimazole after first trimester
Hyperthyroidism
29
Is usually a direct result of having neck surgery; very common to have post-surgery for thyroid cancer; second MC cause is autoimmune
Hypoparathyroid
30
Pt presents with muscle spasms; paresthesias; Chvosteks sign (tapping in front of triages will cause facial twitching) & Trousseau sign (inflating a BP cuff on arm will cause tetany)
Hypoparathyroid
31
EKG will demonstrate a prolonged QT interval; check Mg levels, as pts may have hypomagnesemia; Decreased PTH, decreased serum calcium, increase phosphorus
Hypoparathyroid
32
MC etiology is Hashimoto's thyroiditis-autoimmune disease
Hypothyroidism
33
Worldwide, the MC cause is iodine deficiency
hypothyroidism
34
Pts will present with constipation, weight gain, fatigue, decreased reflexes, cold intolerance, and hair loss
Hypothyroidism
35
Elevated TSH and a decreased FT$
hypothyroidism
36
Very important to take this 4 hours before taking iron or calcium supplements (otherwise will cause inadequate absorption)
Levothyroxine
37
Regulates calcium homeostasis
PTH
38
"stones, bones, abdominal moans, and psychic groans"
hyperparathyroidism
39
elevated PTH, elevated serum calcium, decreased phosphate; EKG shows shortened QT interval
Hyperparathyroidism