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Question 1

What is the relation of the SRY gene and female structures?

Answer 1

Abscence of SRY gene results in formation of ovaries from primordial gonadal cortex.

Question 2

What is the relation of AMH and female structures?

Answer 2

Absence of AMH [from Sertoli cells] → Mullerian duct forms female internal structures → Fallopian tube, uterus and upper part of the vagina.

Question 3

What structures does estrogen stimulate the formation of?

Answer 3

Estrogen [ovary] stimulate development of external structures: lower vagina, clitoris, labia minora, labia majora.

Question 4

What female structures form during 7-12 weeks of development?

Answer 4

Meiosis of oogonia and arrest at first meiotic prophase
Ovarian organogenesis
Formation of primordial follicles

Question 5

What female structures form during 11-12 weeks of development?

Answer 5

Oviducts, uterus, cervix, external genitalia, and vagina

Question 6

What female structures form during 20-25 WEEKS
weeks of development?

Answer 6

Primary follicles in ovary

Question 7

What role does leptin have in female puberty?

Answer 7

Leptin [adipose tissue], has a permissive role in hypothalamic maturation at puberty.

Question 8

What phase is responsible for axillary hair before the onset of menarche?

Answer 8

adrenarche [adrenal sex steroids]

Question 9

What is the phase where is the breast bud increases in size?

Answer 9

thelarche

Question 10

What stage of oocyte development first occurs at puberty?

Answer 10

LH surge causes completion of metaphase I and leads to the formation of a secondary oocyte which is arrested in metaphase II

Question 11

What period of the menstrual cycle isn’t influnced by negative feedback?

Answer 11

mid-menstrual cycle

Question 12

What are the three zones of the ovary?

Answer 12

The ovary has three zones.
The cortex lined by germinal epithelium with oocytes enclosed in a follicle.
The ovarian follicles synthesize and secrete steroid hormones.
The medulla is a mixture of stromal connective cell.
The hilum contains blood vessels and lymphatics.

Question 13

What is the functional unit of the ovary

Answer 13

ovarian follicle

Question 14

What are the 4 sections that the oviducts (fallopian tubes) are divided into?

Answer 14

1. Infundibulum, with fimbriae
2. Ampulla, widened lumen with folded mucosa
3. Isthmus, narrow lumen and less mucosal folding
4. Intramural or uterine segment

Question 15

Where does capacitation take place?

Answer 15

In the fallopian tubes

Question 16

What is Primary ciliary dyskinesia and how is it related to infertelity?

Answer 16

It is: A disease caused by the absence or defect of the ciliary-flagellar.

Relation: The fallopian tubes, which are lined with cilia, play a crucial role in transporting the egg from the ovary to the uterus. Dysfunctional cilia in the fallopian tubes can hinder the movement of the egg and sperm, potentially leading to difficulty in conception.

Question 17

What are the two main parts of the uterus?

Answer 17

Corpus (body) and cervix

Question 18

WHat is the superior aspect and the ascpect close to the cervix called in the uterus?

Answer 18

The superior aspect is called the fundus, the portion adjacent to the cervix is the isthmus/lower uterine segment

Question 19

What secretion does estrogen stimulate in the follicular phase (Day 5-13)

Answer 19

In the follicular phase [day 5-13] estrogen stimulates a thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that assists sperm movement through the cervix

Question 20

What does the cervix do in the luteal phase (day 14-26)?

Answer 20

the cervix block the passage of sperm and microbes, minimizing infections into the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus.

Question 21

What secretion does progestrone release in the luteal phase?

Answer 21

In the luteal phase progesterone stimulates a scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus [does not “fern”], which is hostile to sperms and acts as a sperm barrier. In pregnancy high placental progesterone maintains this environment.

Question 22

What is the site in the uterus that is most prone to maligancy and dysplasia?

Answer 22

The transformation zone

where the glandular epithelium changes to squamous epithelium

Question 23

What are the sources of lubrication of the vagina and does it contain glands?

Answer 23

Does not contain any glands

Lubrication is from:

Cervical mucus (especially during mid-menstrual cycle)

A transudate [ultrafiltrate] from the blood vessels of the lamina propria

From the vestibular glands

Question 24

What nerve innervates the vaginal wall and what does this contribute to?

Answer 24

The vaginal wall is innervated by the pudendal nerve, which contribute to sexual pleasure and orgasm during intercourse.

Question 25

What role does **progesterone** have that is related to the epithelium of the vagina?

Answer 25

Progesterone increases the desquamation of the epithelial cells

Question 26

What role does **estrogen** have that is related to the epithelium of the vagina?

Answer 26

Estrogen stimulates proliferation of the vaginal epithelium and increases their glycogen content.

Question 27

What metabloizes the glycogen that is stimulated by estrogen in the vagina and what is the signaficance of this?

Answer 27

**By:** lactobacilli to lactic acid **Significance:** maintaining an acidic environment that inhibits infections by non-commensal bacteria and fungi

Question 28

What does the vulva contain and what is it called by clinicians?

Answer 28

**Contains:** The vulva includes the labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina, the vestibular glands, and the external urethral orifice. **Called by clinicians** pudendum