Pack 2 definitions Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Outline the flow diagram of memory
A
Memory Short term (Sensory >1sec + working >1min) + Long term (Explicit + implicit)
2
Q
Processes of memory
A
Encoding storage and retrieval
3
Q
Define encoding
A
Transforming external events or internal thoughts into memory
4
Q
How are long term memories encoded
PEECLS
A
Perception, encoding, engram, consolidation, long term potentiation, storage
5
Q
Depths of encoding
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Semantic (meaning) phonemic (sounds like) and structural (letters/physical)
6
Q
Define storage
A
Retaining information in memory
7
Q
STM
A
Short term memory
Sensory and working
8
Q
Types of short term memory
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Iconic (0.5sec) eyes
Echoic (3-4sec) ears
Haptic (<1 sec) hands
9
Q
Working memory definition
A
temporary capacity to hold information, i.e. chunking (instead of 0275059117, 027-505-9117)
10
Q
Types of working memory
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Auditory rehearsal, visual spatial sketchpad, central executive
11
Q
LTM
A
Long term memory
12
Q
Types of long term memory
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Explicit (semantic and episodic)
Implicit (procedural, priming, conditioning, habituation)
13
Q
Difference between explicit and implicit
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Explicit, facts events beliefs, we recall intentionally
Implicit, knowing how, unconscious
14
Q
Procedural
A
How to do things i.e. motor skills
15
Q
Priming
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Identify stimulus easier 2nd time
16
Q
Conditioning/habituation
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Forms of unconscious learning
17
Q
How does long term memory oocur?
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Neural pathway change, engram
18
Q
Where are memories about emotions stored
A
Amygdala
19
Q
Where are habits formed
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Striatum
20
Q
Where are semantic memories/ consolidation of memories
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Hippocampus
21
Q
Where are procedural memories stored
A
Cerebellum
22
Q
Define retrieval
A
Bringing to mind from memory
23
Q
Recall
A
Generate a mental representation of information that is absent
24
Q
Recognition
A
Noticing stimuli is like a prior one
25
Reconstruction
Piecing together memories based on information that is recalled
26
Factors that effect LTM retrieval
Stress/memory
Flashbulb memories
Serial position
Context
27
Stress & memory
Too stressed won't remember, not stressed enough, won't remember
28
Flashbulb memories & retrieval
Detailed memories of dramatic events, emotionally charged, learn about events after they happen
29
Serial position and retrieval
Primary effect - First items recalled better
| Recency effect - last items recalled better
30
Context and retrieval
Environment & state cues to recall memories
31
Causes of forgetting
```
Failure to encode
Decay
Interference
Retrieval failure
Motivated forgetting
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32
Failure to encode
Does not get enough attention/rehearsal to go into LTM
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Decay
Memory fades over time
34
Interference
Confusion with similar memories, competing information etc
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Retrieval failure
Inability to find necessary retrieval cue
36
Motivated forgetting
Forgot what don't want to think about
| trauma etc
37
Infantile amnesia
Lack of explicit memory for first 3 years of life
38
Memory at birth
Developments in perception, neurology and cognitive processes, including memory
39
Memory in infancy (0-1yrs)
Implicit memory
Object permanence
Recognition not recall
40
Memory in toddlers (2-3yrs)
Implicit Semantic and episodic memory forming
Recall names objects and places
Language
Mainly recognition over recall
41
Memory in early childhood (3-6yrs)
Significant improvement due to attention, language, information processing etc
Remember things they did better than things they saw
42
Memory in middle childhood (6-10yrs)
Own understanding of memory
Mnemonics
External aids
Rehearsal
43
Define mnemonics
Devices to assist memory
44
Causes of memory issues in childhood
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ADHD
Epilepsy
Trauma
FASD
Cerebrovascular events
```
45
Misinformation effect
Misleading information incorporated after the event
46
False memory
Recollections that feel real but are not
47
Crystallized intelligence
Skills depending on knowledge, judgment and social skills, semantic and procedural memories
48
Fluid intelligence
Information processing skills
Speed of info analysis
Working memory capacity
49
Memory in adults (20-60)
```
Peaks in 20s
Working memory diminishes
Retrieval difficulty
Multitasking is difficult
Focusing is difficult
Need more time for processing
```
50
Memory compensation
More time needed for processing
51
Does crystallized or fluid intelligence decrease more
Fluid
52
Dementia
Set of progressive disorders marked by disturbance of higher cognitive function
53
Cerebrovascular dementia
Strokes lead to dementia
54
Alzheimer's disease
50% of all dementia
Sporadic - no family history, late onset
Familial - early onset, genetic
55
Mild cognitive impairment
Precursor to dementia/Alzheimer's, increases risk of such diseases
56
Alzheimer's protection factors
Education, physical activity, diet, anti-inflammatory drugs
57
Alzheimer's risk factors
```
Stroke
High BP
Obesity & diabetes
Smoking
Depression/chronic stress
Head trauma
```
58
Define social psychology
Study of people influencing other's behaviors, beliefs and attitudes
59
Social cognition
Process where people select, interpret and remember social information
60
Social perception
People come to understand behaviour of others
61
Social influence
obedience/conformity etc
62
Social interaction
Processes at play in interaction with others (prejudice, aggression, attraction
63
Types of social influence
Obedience
Conformity
Social roles
Bystander effect
64
Obedience
Adherence to instructions from higher authority
65
Milgram's obedience study (1960s)
Electric shock test on incorrect answer
66
Situational influences on obedience
Proximity of learner (closer to victim, less likely to do it)
Touch proximity
Proximity to experimenter (more likely to obey if they were in same room
67
Normative influences
Group effects arising from individual's desire to be liked
68
Informational influences
Group effects from individual's desire to be correct
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Conformity
Tendency of people to alter their behavior in result of group pressure
70
Asch's study
Length of string experiment
71
Social influences on conformity
Uniformity of agreement
Culture
Group size
72
Social roles
E.g. parents
73
Social rules
Unspoken guidelines
74
Deindividuation
Playing someone they are not (prison experiment) more likely to conform
75
Bystander effect
Less likely to help if you are 1 of 100 witnesses
76
Diffusion of responsibility
"Someone else will help them"
77
Features of secure attachment
Intensified by anxiety
Reduces anxiety in stressful situations
Separation causes anxiety
Secure base
78
Patterns of attachment
Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure anxious/ambivalent
Disorganized
79
Insecure avoidant
Infants indifferent to departure
| Low parental responsiveness
80
Insecure anxious/ambivalent
Distress at departure, parental responsiveness inconsistent
81
Disorganized attachment
Depressed, confused, unresponsive
82
Factors that impact development of attachment
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Quality of care giving
Child temperament
Family context
Culture
Opportunity for relationship
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83
Types of child temperament
Bold/uninhibited, Shy/inhibited
84
Outcomes of child abuse
Erratic behavior, violent, self destructive, risky behavior, antisocial behavior
85
Outline ACE study mechanism
Adverse child experiences, looks at all events and then outcomes on health
86
Infantile amnesia
Lack of explicit memory for events before the age of 3yrs
87
Define emotions
A set of mechanisms that work to inform, motivate and organize an organism's response to changes in perception of the environment.
88
Classes of emotion
Antecedent focused emotion regulation and response focused emotion regulation
89
Define mental health
A state in which a person can cope with stressors, work productively, contribute their community and realize their own potential
90
Define mental illness
A set of clinically identifiable symptoms that impact the functioning of major areas of one's life
91
Types of mental illness diagnostic systems
DSM-5 & ICD-10
92
Mood disorder
Mood lasts longer than emotions, can spike to hypo-manic or dip to Dysthymic
93
Types of mood disorders
Major depression, mania/hypo-mania (bipolar)
94
Outline depression in behavioral, cognitive and biological models
behavioral - Low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement
Cognitive - Beliefs impact interpretation of situations and lead to an alternative response
Biological - reduced neurotransmitter activity
95
Types of anxiety disorders
Phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety, GAD
96
Phobia
Irrational fear of object or situation
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Panic disorder
Intense attacks of fear and terror that are not justified by the situation
98
Social anxiety
A persistent fear of social performance
99
GAD
Generalized anxiety disorder, worry about worry and everything else
100
Main psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia
101
Types of personality disorders
Cluster A - odd and eccentric
Cluster B - dramatic and erratic
Cluster C - fearful
102
Behavioral models of mental disorder
Operant and classical conditioning
103
Cognitive model of mental disorder
Stressor -> appraisal -> coping
104
Maori model of mental health
Social, physical, emotional and spiritual well being
105
5P model
Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, presenting, (protective working other way)
106
Humanistic therapy
Works of empathy, and maslows hierarchy of needs
107
CBT
Cognitive behavioral therapy, active cognitive restructuring of response to thoughts
108
Insight orientated therapy
Helps to be OK with intrusive or unwanted thoughts and learn why we may have them
109
Biological therapies for mental illness
Anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, brain stimulation and psycho-surgery
110
Infant mental health
The ability of a <3yr old to experience, expressive and regulate emotions, form relationships, and learn
111
ASD
Autism spectrum disorder [GENETIC COMPONENT]
Deficits in social communication/interaction
Restricted/repetitive behaviors
Under or over sensitive to stimulus
Language delay
112
ADHD
Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder
Impulsive and inattentive, if not addressed early it can become more prevalent in adolescent years
113
Heckman curve
addressing mental health as early as possible creates the best result in later years
114
Conduct disorder
Poor behavior/social inappropriateness
115
Health belief model
Perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, along with cues to action and self efficacy
116
Theory of planned behavior
Your control, attitude and perceived social norm create your response
117
SAM system
Sympathetic adrenal medullary system
118
HPA axis
Hypothalamic-pituitary adrencortical system
119
Yerkes Dodson law
Too much stress or too little stress is bad
120
GAS
General adaption syndrome, exhibits recovery to normal physiology after resisting a stress
121
Primary appraisal
Person evaluates whether the stress is benign or irrelevant
122
Secondary appraisal
Person evaluates options and decides how to respond
123
Anterograde/retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories
| Retrograde amnesia - cannot remember the past
124
Memory techniques
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Primary/recency effect
Repetition
Stress key points
Explicit categorization
Concrete statements
Simplification
```
