Terms/definitions Flashcards
1
Q
Experimental design
A
High internal validity, low external. I.V. and D.V.
2
Q
Correlational design
A
High external validity, low internal validity.
3
Q
Naturalistic observation design
A
Correlation, not causation
4
Q
Frontal lobe function
A
Decision/abstract thought, planning, last to develop
5
Q
Limbic system components
A
Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
6
Q
Hippocampus
A
Decreases in size with depression
7
Q
Amygdala
A
More activity in depression (stress response)
8
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Motivation/behaviour
9
Q
Neglect
A
Long term disrupts emotional & cognitive development
10
Q
Stress hormones
A
Adrenaline, cortisol
11
Q
Feasible/reliable/valid
A
Realistic, consistent across multiple settings, tests what we want
12
Q
Ethical requirements
A
Informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm, deception & debriefing, children cannot provide consent (CCHDC, can’t control herby, different car)
13
Q
Teratogen
A
Factors that potentially damage fetus
14
Q
FASD
A
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
15
Q
Facial indications of FASD
A
Small eye to eye distance, smooth phitrum, thin upper lip
16
Q
Sensation
A
Detection of touch, pain etc
17
Q
Perception
A
Brains interpretation of a sensation
18
Q
Transduction
A
Converting physical energy to electrical activity
19
Q
Absolute threshold
A
Lowest level of stimulus needed for nervous system to detect change 50% of the time
20
Q
Weber’s law
A
Constant, proportional relationship between original stimulus intensity and smallest observable change
21
Q
Vestibular sense
A
Inner ear balance and spatial orientation
22
Q
Prioprioception/kinaesthetic sense
A
Body position relative to body parts
23
Q
Ambiguous figures
A
Single image has multiple interpretations
24
Q
Law of proximity
A
We group nearest elements, rows or columns
25
Law of similarity
We group similar elements
26
Law of continuity
Can accept that arrow continues through heart even though its interrupted
27
Law of closure
Filling in the gaps
28
Law of symmetry
Group things as symmetrical pairs
29
Law of form and ground
Interpreting the object, and the background
30
Monocular vs binocular
One vs two visual inputs (eyes)
31
Gestalt laws
Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, symmetry, form & ground (PSCCSF or Please stop continually correcting stupid fings)
32
Depth perception cues
Interposition, linear perspective, texture gradient, light and shadow, height in plane, relative size (ILTLHR)
33
Shape constancy
Still a rectangle, even though the door is open
34
Size constancy
Ability to perceive size of image
35
Colour constancy
Know that shading/light does not change the colour
36
Inattentional blindness
Failure to perceive due to not paying attention
37
Change blindness
Don't notice a change when there is momentary interruption to view
38
Top down processing
begin in a general setting with context
39
Why do we sleep?
Synaptic shrinkage (clear the hard drive)
40
Polysomnogram
Sleep EEG, looks at muscle movement, eye movement, oxygen saturation etc
41
Insomnia
Primary is normal
Secondary is due to substances
Trouble sleeping more than 3 days a week, that impacts daily function
42
insomnia treatment
CBT
43
Excessive daytime sleepiness could be...
Sleep apnoea, idopathic hypersomnia, substances, circadian rhythm disorder, sleep deprivation, narcolepsy
44
Parasomnias
Sleep walking/talking/eating etc
45
Classical conditioning
Unrelated stimuli triggers response
46
Outline classical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus creates a unconditioned response. Neutral stimulus gets paired with unconditioned response, then the conditioned stimulus creates a conditioned response
47
Components of acquisition with classical conditioning
Timing and repetition
48
Stimulus generalisation
similar conditioned stimuli
49
Stimulus discrimination
Must be a specific conditioned stimulus
50
Extinction
Loss of classical conditioning
51
Taste/food aversion
Tastes bad/gives food poisoning, only need one pairing
52
Operant conditioning
Behavior associated with consequences
53
Reinforcement
Something that makes them more likely to behave that way
54
Punishment
Something the makes them less likely to behave that way
55
Positive reinforcement/punishment
Adding a stimulus/consequence to a behavior
56
Negative reinforcement/punishment
Removing a stimulus/consequence to a behavior
57
Primary reinforcer
Naturally occurring (biological)
58
Secondary reinforcer
Learned, i.e. money
59
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement/punishment occurs after fixed number of responses (mow the lawns 5 times get paid)
60
Variable ratio
Reinforcement/punishment occurs after a variable number of responses (mow the lawns 3-6 times get paid)
61
Fixed interval
Reinforcement/punishment occurs after a fixed period of time
62
Variable interval
Reinforcement/punishment occurs after a variable period of time
63
Bobo doll experiment
Children exposed to aggressive behave aggressively
64
Learned helplessness indicators
Motivational, emotional, cognitive deficits
65
Locus of control
Internal, power in my hands
| External, destiny
66
Self-efficacy
Belief that you can perform adequately
High self-efficacy, I can do it
Low self-efficacy, I can not do it
67
Factors influencing self-efficacy
Mastery/vicarious experience, persuasion, and emotional arousal
68
Attribution theory
Interpreting and explaining causal relationships
Situational/external attribution, he's been through a lot
Dispositional/internal attribution, he's lazy
69
Explanatory style
Optimistic/pessimistic
70
Attribution errors
Fundamental attribution error (FAE), ignoring situational causes
Self-serving bias, not my fault, external cause
71
Perception of pain depends on
attention, mood & cognition
72
Chronic pain
Pain that lasts >3 months, is difficult to treat & diagnose
73
Gate control theory
Blocking pain with proprioceptive sensory stimulus. Ascending messagegs are biological, descending messages are psychological.
74
Main response to pain
Withdrawl
75
Cognitive triangle
Thoughts/feelings/behaviour
76
Active coping
Controlling the pain actively
77
Passive coping
Avoiding pain rather than management
78
Jean Piaget's theory name
Cognitive development stage theory. 4 stages
79
Stages of cognitive development stage theory
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage
80
Scheme
Mental structure made up of organised groups of memories.
81
Assimiltion
Reality conforms with someone's scheme
82
Accommodation
Having to alter your scheme to reflect reality
83
Sensorimotor stage
2yrs, reflexive schemes
84
Object permanence
Knowing something is behind the wall
85
Ability to imitate
9 months ish
86
Preoperational stage
2-7yrs, symbolic thought (make believe)
87
Egocentrism
2-7yrs somewhat self centered views, cannot understand other's perspectives
88
Concrete operational stage and aspects that have been mastered
7-11yrs concrete, logical thinking. Conservation mastered after decentration and reversibility are
89
Conservation
Water in two different shaped cups experiment
90
Decentration
Consider more than one aspect of a problem at once
91
Reversibility
Numbers and objects can return to their original stage
92
Formal operational stage
12+yrs, abstract thought
93
How to deter between stage 3&4
Third eye test. Where would the best place for a third eye to be?
94
Phenomenism
Little grasp of cause and effect... "How? It jut does"
95
Contagion
Illness occurs when a person is near the object "don't go near a cold"
96
Contamination
Learning illness can have multiple symptoms. Recognise germs/behaviour can cause illness
97
Internalisation
Illness is within the body, differentiate body parts etc
98
Physiologic explanations
Illness defined in terms of bodily malfunction
99
Psychophysiologic explanation
Mind and body can interact in illness
100
Vygotsky's theory name
Sociocultural theory
101
Vygotsky's theory outline
Scoiocultural theory. Children are a product of their social/cultural environments
102
Social constructivism
Learning is an active creation of knowledge from personal experience
103
Zone of proximal development
comparison between independent performance and guided/assisted performance
104
Scaffolding
Adjusting guidance/assistance to match level of child's competence
105
Signs of psychosocial stress
Unexplained medical symptoms
Poor adherence to treatment
School refusal
Risky behavior
106
Approaches to increasing adherence to treatment
Educational approaches
Modeling
Incentives
Family support & problem solving
107
Define opiates
Supress sensation and stimulus response
108
Define depressants
Lower mood, slow bodily function
109
Define stimulants
Increase arousal and physical activity
110
Define psychedelics
Alter perception
111
Examples of opiates
Codeine, morphine, fentanyl, heroine
112
Examples of depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates/sedatives, benzodiazepines/tranquilizers, valium, rohypnol, GHB
113
Examples of stimulants
amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine, meth, nicotine
114
Examples of psychedelics
LSD, cannabis, MDMA, ketamine, shrooms
115
Most effective operant condition form
Variable ratio
116
Five stages of sleep
1-4 nonrem, 5 rem
117
Alpha and beta waves
prior to stage 1, high frequency low amplitude waves
118
Alpha waves
Starting to get sleepy, high Hz low A
119
Beta waves
Awake and alert high Hz low A
120
Stage 1 of sleep
Non REM, Slow theta waves
121
Stage 2 of sleep
Non REM, bigger theta waves, alpha waves disappear
122
Stage 3 of sleep
Non REM, delta waves slow EEG readings, everything relaxes
123
Stage 4 of sleep
Non REM, Delta sleep, more delta waves
124
Stage 5 of sleep
REM, beta waves, high Hz low A, dreaming
125
Theta waves
Stages 1 and 2, lower Hz, increasing A
126
Beta waves
High Hz low A, first wake stage, and in stage 5 sleep
127
Alpha waves
Just prior to stage 1, gone in stage 2
128
Delta waves
Body is relaxing
129
Most of sleep is in
Stage 2
130
The law of effect
Actions with good outcomes are more likely to be repeated
131
Split brain patients observe which abnormality in daily function
Speech to object pairing. I.e. a patient picks up a key yet refers to it as a cup.
132
Main distinctions of Nervous System
CNS&PNS
PNS --> somatic and autonomic
Autonomic --> sympathetic and parasympathetic
133
Main distinctions of Nervous System
CNS & PNS
PNS --> somatic and autonomic
Autonomic --> sympathetic and parasympathetic
134
Function of amygdala
Motivation, emotion and fear
135
Hormones of limbic system
Cortisol, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine, adrenaline
136
Neurotransmitters of limbic system
Acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, seratonin
137
Physiological dependance
Body dependence
138
Psychological dependence
Emotional dependence
139
Pain relief for babies
Sugar solution, breast milk, holing/comforting
140
Major groupings of sleep disorders
Insomnias, parasomnias, excessive daytime sleepiness
141
Narcolepsy
Sleep attacks
142
Little Albert experiment outcome
Stimulus generalization
143
Biological messages are ____ whereas psychological messages are
Ascending, descending
144
Pain withdrawal is an example of
Negative reinforcement
145
Pain reaction is linked to what conditioning type
Operant
146
Psychoactive drugs impact
Alters mood, behavior, awareness etc
147
Observer bias
being aware of a subject's disease status may introduce a bias in how the outcome is assessed
148
Vygotsky's children observational learning process
internalization
