Packet 1 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Hormones are ___ messengers that reach their target cell by circulating in the __.
Primary
Blood
An endocrine organ is any organ that __ and ___ hormones into the blood.
Produces
Secretes
Target cell is a cell whose function can be altered by a ___. It will have a __ receptor molecule that binds the hormone.
hormone
protein
Primary messengers convey info. __ cells. Secondary messengers are __ molecules that mediate the action of __.
between
intracellular
primary messengers
Neurotransmitters are produced by __ and are released directly onto target cells at the ___. These function to alter the ___ of the target cell.
Neurons
Synapse
Membrane Potential
Neuropeptides are produced by ___ and are released onto target cells at the ___. These act as either __ or __.
Neurons
Synapse
Growth Factors
Neuromodulators
Neuromodulators are __ messengers that alter a neuron’s response to ___.
primary
neurotransmitters
Paracrines are signaling molecules that act __ the same __ that produces them. They are not secreted into the __ to reach target cells. These often include ___.
within
organ
blood
Growth factors
Jaxtacrines are a subset of ___. These are passed directly from __ cells, often through ___. __ and __ act as juxtacrines in the pancreas.
Paracrines Neighboring Gap junctions Insulin Glucagon
Autocrines are __ messengers that can act on the cell that __ them. This is also known as ___.
primary
produces
self-stimulaiton
Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by the ___. They can act __ or travel in the ___.
Immune System
locally
blood
The physiological response a cell exhibits will depend on the balance of __ at any given moment.
Secondary Messengers
The function of the ___ is to allow the body to respond to its environment and adapt to changing conditions , while providing individual cells with their physical and chemical needs for life.
Psycho-neuro-endo-immune system
5 components of the homeostatic system
Variable Set Point Sensors (receptor) Afferent Pathways Integrating Center
Efferent pathways carry info from the ___ to the ___
integrating center
effectors
Effectors are cells that act to change the ___
variable
True homeostatic variables do not change their ___. True homeostatic variables include (3)
Set Point
pH
Osmotic Pressure
Ion concentrations (Ca++, Na+, K+)
What word means the maintenance of an ideal environment?
Homeodynamics
In homeodynamics, the __ changes (does not in homeostasis). The ___ is the set point of the moment in response to all conditions influencing the body.
set point
settling point
Carrier proteins protect from enzyme __ and __
destruction
excretion
Inhibitory Binding proteins prevent the action of ___
hormones
Antibodies prevent the action of ___
hormones
___ is when the effect of 2 or more hormones working together is equal to the sum of their individual efforts. When hormones work together in this way, there is often a __ in their actions.
Additive effects
Plateau
__ is when the effect of two hormones working together will be greater than the sum of their individual effects. Each hormone has a __ action and their combined action multiply each other’s effects.
Synergistic Effects
different
