Paediatrics

Question 1

Evidence of bowel sounds in a neonate exam should make you consider which condition?

Answer 1

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Question 2

What is the most common cause of disproportionate short stature?

Answer 2

Dwarfism

Question 3

What is Achondroplasia?

Answer 3

Dwarfism

Question 4

Which gene is affected in Achondroplasia?

Answer 4

Fibroblast Achondroplasia Receptor 3 on Chromosome 4

Question 5

Achondroplasia is inherited in what form?

Answer 5

Autosomal Dominant (One Normal and One Abnormal Gene)

Question 6

How does Achondroplasia commonly present? (7)

Answer 6

Short Stature (Rhizomelia)
Short Digits (Brachdactylyl)
Trident Hands
Lumbar Lordosis
Bow Legs (Genu Varum)
Foramen Magnum Stenosis
Frontal Bossing

Question 7

Name common complications of Achondroplasia? (6)

Answer 7

Recurrent Otitis Media
Kyphoscoliosis
Spinal Stenosis
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Cervical Cord Compression Hydrocephalus

Question 8

What bacteria causes Epiglottitis?

Answer 8

Haemophilus Influenza Type B

Question 9

Can you vaccinate against Epiglottitis?

Answer 9

Yes - Haemophilus

Question 10

How does Epiglottitis present? (6)

Answer 10

Unvaccinated
Fever
Sore Throat
Difficult Swallow
Sit Forward/Drool
Tripod Position Breathing

Question 11

How to diagnose Acute Epiglottitis? (2)

Answer 11

Do not examine
X-Ray - Thumbprint Sign and Steeple Sign

Question 12

Treatment of Acute Epiglottitis? (4)

Answer 12

Don’t Distress Child
Airway Secure
IV Antibiotics eg Ceftriaxone
Dexamethasone

Question 13

What is the most common malignancy affecting children?

Answer 13

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Question 14

Peak Age Incidence of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 14

2-5 Years of Age Boys Slightly More Affected

Question 15

Who are particularly at risk of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia? (5)

Answer 15

Siblings
Children with Downs
Kleinfelter, Fanconi Anaemia and Ataxia Teleangiectasia

Question 16

Which chromosome is a prognostic marker of ALL?

Answer 16

Philadelphia Chromosome T (9,22)

Question 17

Which translocation is commonly associated with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 17

T (12,21)

Question 18

What are the main symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia) (6)

Answer 18

Anaemia
Easy Bruise
Petechiae
Infections
Bone Marrow
Lymphadenopathy

Question 19

What are the main signs of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia? (5)

Answer 19

Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Testicular Swelling

Question 20

How to diagnose Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 20

Bone Marrow Aspirate and Blood Film - Blast Cells

Question 21

Blast Cells are commonly associated with what childhood malignancy?

Answer 21

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Question 22

How to Treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (3)

Answer 22

Chemotherapy
Methotrexate and Mercaptopurine

Question 23

What are the three common complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia? (3)

Answer 23

CNS Involvement
Testicular Involvement
Neutropenic Sepsis

Question 24

Name 5 Common Early Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 24

Tumour Lysis Syndrome
Hair Loss
Mucosititis
Nephrotoxicity
Neutropenic Sepsis

Question 25

Name 5 Common Late Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 25

Cardiomyopathy Pulmonary Fibrosis Infertility Growth Delay Hypothyrodism

Question 26

Mode of inheritance for Haemophilia A and B?

Answer 26

X Linked Recessive

Question 27

A child presents with fever, conjunctivitis and being irritable. He has also developed a maculopapular rash which started behind ears before spreading and becoming blotchy & confluent what is wrong?

Answer 27

Measles

Question 28

A 5-year-old child develops fever, cough and conjunctivtis. On examination the child is irritable and has a blanching erythematous rash on the face and upper chest. Small white spots can also be seen on the inside of the cheeks what is wrong?

Answer 28

Measles