Statistics

Question 1

What is prevalence?

Answer 1

number of cases in a defined population at a single point in time and is expressed as a decimal or a percentage.

Question 2

What is sensitivity?

Answer 2

percentage of true positives

Question 3

what is specificity

Answer 3

percentage of true negatives (e.g. 90% specificity = 90% of people who do not have the target disease will test negative).

Question 4

How to read a CTG?

Answer 4

DR C BRAVADO

Define Risk
Contractions
Bra: baseline rate
variability
Accelerations
decelerations
overall impression

Question 5

What is fetal tachycardia?

Answer 5

baseline hr greater than 160 bpm

Question 6

What is the baseline rate of fetal heart on ctg?

Answer 6

The baseline rate is the average heart rate of the fetus within a 10-minute window.

Question 7

Causes of fetal tachycardia (5)

Answer 7

Fetal hypoxia
Chorioamnionitis
Hyperthyroidism
Fetal or maternal anaemia
Fetal tachyarrhythmia

Question 8

What is fetal bradycardia?

Answer 8

Less than 110bpm

Question 9

Causes of fetal bradycardia (5)

Answer 9

Prolonged cord compression
Cord prolapse
Epidural and spinal anaesthesia
Maternal seizures
Rapid fetal descent

Question 10

Reduced variability on ctg can be caused by? (6)

Answer 10

Fetal sleeping: this should last no longer than 40 minutes (this is the most common cause)
Fetal acidosis (due to hypoxia): more likely if late decelerations are also present
Fetal tachycardia
Drugs: opiates, benzodiazepines, methyldopa and magnesium sulphate
Prematurity: variability is reduced at earlier gestation (<28 weeks)
Congenital heart abnormalities

Question 11

Accelerations with uterine contractions on ctg is a sign of?

Answer 11

Healthy Fetus

Question 12

How does Type 1 Resp failure present?

Answer 12

Hypoxaemia Pa02 <8kpa with Normocapnia (Pac02 <6kpa)

Question 13

How does Type 2 Resp Failure present?

Answer 13

Hypoxemia Pa02 <8kpa with Hypercapnia Pac02 >6kpa

Question 14

Name 3 causes of Type 1 Resp Failure/VQ Mismatch?

Answer 14

Pulmonary Oedema
Bronchoconstriction
Pulmonary Embolism

Question 15

Name 7 causes of Type 2 Resp Failure with Hypoventilation?

Answer 15

COPD
Pneumonia
Rib Fractures
Obesity
Guillan Barre
Motor Neurone Disease
Opiates

Question 16

What makes an ABG ph ACIDIC?

Answer 16

<7.35

Question 17

What makes an ABG ph ALKALOTIC?

Answer 17

> 7.45

Question 18

CSF In Bacterial Meingitis? (5)

Answer 18

Cloudy and Turbid
Elevated Opening Pressure
Elevated WBC
Low Glucose
Elevated Protein

Question 19

CSF in Viral Meningitis? (5)

Answer 19

Clear
Normal or Elevated Open Pressure
Elevated WBC
Normal Glucose
Elevated Protein

Question 20

CSF in Tuberculosis Meningitis? (5)

Answer 20

Opaque with Fibrin Web
Elevated Opening Pressure
Elevated WBC
Low Glucose
Elevated Protein

Question 21

ALT is a useful marker of?

Answer 21

Hepatocellular Injury

Question 22

ALP is a useful marker of?

Answer 22

Cholestasis

Question 23

Isolated rise in ALP causes? (4)

Answer 23

Bony mets/tumours
Vit D Deficiency
Recent Bone fractures
Renal Oestrodystrophy

Question 24

Isolated rise in bilirubin causes? (2)

Answer 24

Gilbert’s Syndrome
Haemolysis

Question 25

Normal Urine and Normal Stools with jaundice =

Answer 25

Pre Hepatic Cause

Question 26

Dark Urine and Normal Stools with Jaundice =

Answer 26

Hepatic cause

Question 27

Dark Urine + Pale Stools with Jaundice =

Answer 27

Post Hepatic Cause (obstructive)

Question 28

Clear/Straw coloured ascitic fluid cause? (1)

Answer 28

Liver Cirrhosis

Question 29

Cloudy ascitic fluid cause (3)

Answer 29

Bacterial Peritonitis Perforated Bowel Pancreatitis

Question 30

Milk coloured ascitic fluid cause (3)

Answer 30

Lymphoma TB Malignancy

Question 31

Ascitic Fluid High SAAG =

Answer 31

Transudate

Question 32

Ascitic Fluid Low SAAG =

Answer 32

Exudate

Question 33

A high SAAG on ascitic fluid indicates?

Answer 33

Portal Hypertension

Question 34

How to differentiate between exudate and transudate on ascitic fluid?

Answer 34

Lactic Dehydrogenase Level

Question 35

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is what?

Answer 35

First serum marker to be detected after initial infection

Question 36

Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (Anti HBs) indicates?

Answer 36

previous, cleared infection or vaccination

Question 37

Antibody to Hepatitis Core antigen indicates?

Answer 37

Recent infection

Question 38

Small for Gestational age is classified as?

Answer 38

<10th Centile

Question 39

Appropriate Weight for Gestational Age is classified as?

Answer 39

10th-90th Centile

Question 40

Large for Gestational age is classified as?

Answer 40

>90th centile

Question 41

A sunken fontanelle may suggest

Answer 41

Dehydration