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Paediatrics Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Askin Tumour

A

10yo

PNET/Ewings of the chest

Bone destruction

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2
Q

Autosomal Recessive Kidney Disease

A

Infantile polycystic kidney disease

  • Enlarged hyperechoic kidneys (1-2mm cyst)
  • Striated nephrogram
  • In utero US:
    • No urine in the bladder
    • Enlarged hyperechoic kidneys
    • Oligohydramnios
  • Assoc
    • Pulmonary hypoplasia
    • Pneumohorax
    • Hepatic fibrosis
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3
Q

B-Haemolytic pneumonia

A

Reduced lund volume

Sometimes pleural effusuion

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4
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

A
  • Exomphalos
  • Macroglossia
  • Gigantism
  • Malrotation of the small intestine
  • assoc w/ Wilms tumour and hepatoblastoma
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5
Q

Caudal regression

A

Agenesis of the sacrum (20%)

Partial absence or underdevelopment of the lower extremeties.

GI and GU anomalies.

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6
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • Diffusely enlarged cerebreform adrenals
  • Females usually present with ambiguous genitalia whereas males can present later with severe electrolyte imbalances.
  • US : Tiny/not visble ovaries.
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7
Q

Congenital lobar emphysema

A

LUL>RML>RUL

Hyperlucent lung due to ball-valve affect

Alveolar opcification in first few days of life due to failure to clear fluids.

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8
Q

CPAM

A

Type 0: Rare and fatal

Type 1: Most common, large cysts (2–10 cm), unilateral

Type 2: Common, multiple small cysts (0.5–2 cm), associated with other congenital abnormalities

Type 3: Uncommon, large, often solid

Type 4: Uncommon, thin walled cysts, often multifocal, high association with malignancy, specifically pleuropulmonary blastoma

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9
Q

CRITOL

A

1 year (1) C = Capitellum

3-5 years (3) R = Radial head

5-7 years (5) I = Internal / Medial epicondyle

5-7 years (7) T = Trochlea

7-10 years (9) O = Olecranon

11 years (11) L = External / Lateral epicondyle

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10
Q

Croup

A

Parainfluenza

6m-3yo

Steeple sign - If asymmetric = subglottic haemangioma

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11
Q

Epiglottitis

A

> 3 yo

Drooloing, dysphagia, sore thoat and fever.

H. Influenza

Tx intubation for 24-48hrs and abx

Inx:

  • Thickened aryepiglottic folds
  • Thickened epigolttis on lateral neck
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12
Q

Fetal hydronephrosis grades

A

Grade 0: No dilation, calyceal walls apposed

Grade 1: Dilation of renal pelvis

Grade 2: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

Grade 3: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces with blunting of fornices

Grade 4: Gross dilation and loss of borders of pelvis and calyces with renal atrophy

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13
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

US:

Target sign mass. 4mm thick and 15mm long

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14
Q

Intussusception lead points in children

A
  • None (hypertrophy of lymph tissue
  • Mekel diverticulum
  • Polyp or tumour
  • Intramural haematoma
  • Mesentaeric adenitis
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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15
Q

Klippel Trenauny Syndrome

A
  1. Tissue hypertrophy
  2. Cutaneous haemangiomatous lesions (port wine stain nevus flammeus)
  3. Diffuse venous and lymphatic malformations.
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16
Q

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome

A
  • Class I Mallerian Duct Abnormality.
  • Primary amenorrhoea
  • Complete aplasia of the upper third of the vagina and uterus .
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17
Q

Meconium aspiration

A

Prolonged labour

Air-trapping

Assoc. pneumothorax

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18
Q

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

A

Large non-communicating cysts separated by fibrous tissue. Cysts can be calcified.

Results from severe PUJ obstruction before 10 weeks gestation.

Contralateral enlarged kidney

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19
Q

Multilocular Cystic Nephroma

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A

2-4 years old M>F

Large (>10cm) congenital renal lesion with large cystic spaces. Septae can enhance.

Similar appearance to cystic Wilm’s tumour

20
Q

Paediatric HCC

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A
  • Around age 13
  • Central scar which occoasionally calcifies.
21
Q

PHACE syndrome

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A

Posterior fossa (DW malformation)

Haemangiomas

Arterial anomalies

Coarctation of the aorta

Ocular anomalies

22
Q

Pleuroplumonary blastoma

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A

Massive chest mass < 2yo

23
Q

Prostatic utricle cyst

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A

Midline cyst

Can communicate with urethra

Assoc. w/ hypospadias, cryptochidism and RENAL AGENESIS

24
Q

Prune Belly Syndrome (Eagle-Barrett)

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A
  1. Widely separated abdominal rectus muscles (gives skin wrinkled appearance)
  2. Hydronephrosis
  3. Cryptorchidism (due to bladder ditsention)

Assoc w/

  • Dysplastic kidneys
  • Oligohydramnios
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia
  • Urethral atresia
  • Patent urachus
  • Prostatic hypoplasia
25
Reflux grading system
Grade I: Reflux to ureter but not to kidney Grade II: Reflux into ureter, pelvis, and calyces without dilatations Grade III: Reflux to calyces with mild dilatation, blunted fornices Grade IV: Reflux to calyces with moderate dilatation, obliteration of fornices Grade V: Gross dilatation, tortuous ureters
26
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree
* Common bile duct mass displaces the panbcreas and liiver. * Mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. * Occurs in 3yr olds.
27
Septic arthritis causes
Neonate = Group D strep \<4yrs = Haemophilus, Strep, staph aureus \>4yrs = Staph aureus \>10yrs = Staph aureus + Neisseria gonorrhoea Adults = Staph aureus
28
Sequestration
Arterial feeder from the aorta Intralobar: * 75% * Adolecent with recurrent pneumonia * Pulmonary venous drainage Extralobar: * 25% * Assoc. w/ other stuff (cyanotic heart disease) * Present in infancy * Systemic venous drainage.
29
Stomach volvulus
Mesentroaxial (more common in kids) * Pylorus above the GOJ * occures with eventeration of the left hemidiaphragm or hernia. Organoxial (rare in kids) * Long axis of the stomach * Lesser curvature inferior to the greater curvature.
30
Subglottic haemangioma
Vascular structure Causes asymmetric steeple sign assoc. w/ Torcula-lambdoid inversion = Dandy Walker
31
Transient tachypnea
* C-section * Maternal sedation * Hyper-inflated lungs
32
Turners syndrome
Horshoe kidney Streak-like ovaries Co-arctarctation Bicuspid aortic valve Madelung deformity
33
Wilm's Tumour
Rare in neonates - Typically 2-4 yo Renal parenchymal tumour - can be cystic with haemorrhage (15% calcification) - Fibrous capsule - Intrarenal mass effect - Vascular invasion - 5-10% bilateral. Assoc w: * WAGR = Wilms - aniridia - GU abnormalities - mental developmental delay * Drash = male pseudohemophrodism - progressive glomerulonephritis * Beckwith-Wiedemann * Hemihyperplasia
34
Zinner syndrome
Seminal vesicle cysts Absent kidney Poly cystic kidneys Ectopic ureter
35
Kartagener syndrome
Immotile cilia - respiratory, auditory and sperm Inx: * Bronchiectasis * Complete thoracic and abdominal situs inversus * Sinus hyperplasia and mucosal thickening
36
Swyer-James syndrome
Small hyperlucent lung with deminished vessels Acquired pulmonary hypoplasia/postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans
37
Sickle cell CXR
Consolidation Pleural effusion Fine reticular opacities (pulmonary fibrosis) Large heart in severe anemia H-shaped vertebral bodies Osteonecrosis, bone infarct in visualized humeri
38
RDS
Hyaline membrane disease of prematurity CXR: * reduced lung volumes * groundglass opcities * atelectasis * airbronchograms * no pleural effusion. Can result in persistent PDA and heart failure. Tx can lead to PIE
39
PIE
Complication of postive pressure ventilaton causeing barotrauma Results in pneumothorax, pneumomediatinum and pneumopericardium CXR: * Tortuous linear lucencies radiate outward from the hilar regions. * The lucencies extend all the way to the periphery of the lung. * Lucencies do not change with respiration.
40
Neonatal pneumonia
Transplacental TORCH Ascending - Related to birth canal - Group B strep, E. Coli and enterococci. assoc w premature rupture of membranes CXR: Patchy asymmetric opacity with airtrapping
41
TTN
Delayed resorption of intrauterine pulmonary liquids. Caused by - Cesarean section, premature delivery, maternal sedation (no thoracic squeezing) Hypoproteinemia, hypervolemia, erythrocythemia CXR: * Prominent vascular markings * Pleural effusion * Fluid in fissure * Alveolar edema * Lungs clear in 24–48 hours.
42
Mediastinial masses
**_Anterior_** * Thymus * Teratoma * Lymphoma * Cystic hygroma * Thyroid hyperplasia * Thymoma **_Posterior_** * Adenopathy * Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation * Vascular malformation **_Posterior:_** * Neuroblastoma * Ganglioneuroma * Neurofibroma * Meningoceles * Extramedullary haematopoeisis
43
Grading of germinal matrix haemorrhage
**Grade 1:** Subependymal hemorrhage; no long-term abnormality **Grade 2:** Intraventricular hemorrhage without ventricular dilatation; 10% mortality **Grade 3:** Intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilatation; 20% mortality **Grade 4:** Intraparenchymal hemorrhage; \>50% mortality
44
Craniosyostosis
**Dolichocephaly** (scaphocephaly): sagittal suture (60%) **Brachycephaly:** coronal suture (20%) **Trigonocephaly:** metopic suture Oxycephaly: all **Plagiocephaly:** unilateral coronal or lambdoid suture (Harlequin eye if coronal suture) **Cloverleaf** (kleeblattschädel): all except metopic and squamosal sutures
45
Wormian bones
**_P_**yknodysostosis **_O_**I **_R_**ickets in healing **_Ki_**nky hair syndrome **_C_**leidocranial dysplasia **_H_**ypothyroidism **_O_**topalatodigital syndrome **P**achydermoperiostosis **_S_**yndrome of Down

Radiology (6 decks)

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