Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards

Question

Define deviance, gamesmanship and sportsmanship

Answer 1

Deviance = Any behaviour that deviates from the norms of society. Gamesmanship = Bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage. Sportsmanship = Following the rules of the game and playing legally and fairly with good ethics.

Answer 2

Violence in Sport - Spectators Spectator violence has been strongly associated with ‘football hooliganism’ in Britain, as well as across the world. Hooligans = Groups who go to sporting events with the sole reason to create violence.

Answer 3

Alcohol/drugs Overcrowding Hooligans Mass culture Violence on pitch

Answer 4

Alcohol or Drugs - loss of inhibitions or become braver

Answer 5

Overcrowding - poor policing or stewarding

Answer 6

Hooligans - looking for a fight • Organised violence or fights • Limited alternative outlets for energy • e.g., football hooligans use matches as an arena for serious assault

Answer 7

Mass Culture - tribal nature of event • Peer pressure • Deindividuation or diminished responsibility within a large group

Answer 8

Violence on Pitch - copying violent behaviour of players

Answer 9

Deindividuation = When you lose your sense of being an individual, which can cause violent behaviour.

Answer 10

29th May 1985, European Cup Final Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium Liverpool hooligans crossed the fence into the neutral section of mainly Juventus supporters causing panic among fans. Many tried to escape charging fans. There was a crush causing a wall to collapse with people underneath. 39 people died, 600 injured, 14 Liverpool fans convicted of manslaughter. English clubs were banned from playing in Europe for 5 years. Liverpool was banned for 11 years.

Answer 11

15th April 1980, FA Cup Semi-Final Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield Wednesday An exit gate was opened in an attempt to ease crowding but resulting in overcrowding of those pens and the fatal crush. 97 people died, 766 injured. Led to safety improvements in English grounds, with the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all seater stadiums.

Answer 12

Stricter deterrents or punishments - e.g., removal of season tickets or passport

Answer 13

Control of or ban alcohol • Searches at gates • Early kick off times (pubs not open as long)/later opening time (not directly after game) • Low alcohol beer at stadiums

Answer 14

Improve spectator facilities - ‘all seater’ stadia

Answer 15

Separation of fans - home and away fans leave ground separately

Answer 16

CCTV or other security measures - to sport or record/incidents/record events for potential evidence

Answer 17

More police/stewards/security • Better training/better relationships with spectators • Sharing of information between police forces in the country or between countries

Answer 18

‘Family entertainment’ - e.g., mascots/competitions/festivals/fun days • Family section in stadia • Provision of entertainment for children

Answer 19

Responsible media coverage - makes sure to not promote hooliganism outlook

Answer 20

On Society Costs of security and policing at sporting events Parents avoid letting children take part Violence in sport reflects society (e.g. England portrayed as a nation of national thugs) Law-abiding fans negatively impacted

Answer 21

On Sport A sport can get a bad reputation Negative role modelling (e.g. Luis Suarez biting incident) Participation of young people may reduce in violent sports

Answer 22

On Performer Results in fines and bans for athletes who act violently Athletes can be injured by acts of violence Decreases their reputation (e.g. Zinedine Zidane head butt) Can lose sponsorship deals due to acting violently

Answer 23

Gambling is not an example of deviant behaviour, it is legal in the uk. Sport lends itself to gambling because the results/outcomes of the events are supposedly unpredictable. However illegal sports betting, match fixing and bribery are all deviant behaviour.

Answer 24

Match fixing Bribery Illegal sport betting Sport fixing

Answer 25

When a sport competition is played to a result that is completely or partially predetermined results. For example, Juventus 2006 Calciopoli scandal - fixing referee Appointments. For example, Stephen Lee, snooker got a 12 year ban For example, Karin Hossam, tennis got a ban for life

Answer 26

Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage. For example, South African cricketer Hansie Cronje accepting money from illegal bookies to underperform.

Answer 27

Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarked ‘bookie’ or placing a bet that breaks the laws of the sport. For example, Ivan Toney bet on himself and his team which resulted in a ban (200+ charges, banned for 8 months)

Answer 28

Is an example of illegal sports betting and involves betting on something occurring in a sports competition that has been predetermined. For example, members of the Pakistan cricket team bowled deliberate no balls which were communicated with gamblers who were betting on specific events during the game.

Answer 29

Sports players/performers - Such as Ivan Toney develop gambling problems or become involved with illegal betting practices. Increased likelihood of illegal betting practices - Such as match fixing, bribery, corruption. Increased volume of sponsorship/betting advertisements in the media Society - Public can develop addictive habits and lead to debt. Sports - Such as football having gambling sponsors leading to negative role modelling. Online - Easy access to online betting so rise in illegal betting.

Answer 30

Laws/rules - To prevent players betting on their own sport (e.g. FA making players aware what they aren’t allowed to bet on) Punishments - Long bans for players (e.g. Ivan Toney 8 months)

Answer 31

The management of sport for profit.

Answer 32

Growing public interest and spectatorship More media interest Professionalism Advertising Sponsorship Globalisation

Answer 33

Increased public interest in sport. The rise in spectatorship means money is attracted to sports.

Answer 34

Higher levels of media interest generated by high profile sports which attract greater levels of sponsorship. Certain sports have adapted rules/formats (cricket, such as T20).

Answer 35

Sporting professionals/better players attract greater levels of sponsorship.

Answer 36

Sports present opportunities for extensive advertising and merchandising deals to capture a global audience.

Answer 37

Sport is an avenue for many companies to promote their products through sponsorship.

Answer 38

Sport is global and international exposure attracts sponsors.

Answer 39

Golden Triangle - Shows the relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and the media. Represents the commercial nature of sport. Leads to commercialisation.

Answer 40

Sponsorship allows equal opportunity to compete Sporting success can lead to ‘feel good factor’ and nation building (e.g. success at the Olympics)

Answer 41

Attracting sponsorship can depend on several factors. Some people are more ‘marketable’ than others Leads to ‘win at all costs' ethic and the over focus on elite sport can be unpopular

Answer 42

Increased media coverage + Increased sponsorship + Increased profile of sport = Increased revenue This leads to improved facilities, professional sport, develop grassroots

Answer 43

Less popular sports attract less sponsorship (female/disability sport) The sport loses control to media companies Traditional values of sport are lost with new rule changes or changes to the sports format

Answer 44

Sponsors provided kit/equipment to promote their products (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson sponsored by Nike) Commercial organisations can fund travel/accommodation (e.g. Keely Hodgkinson trains and stays in South Africa for training camps) More time training/competing, rather than having to go to work

Answer 45

Pressure to win or perform well to secure and keep sponsorship deals (e.g. Lance Armstrong) Exploitation, performers find they have little control over their career Pressure to win can lead to deviant behaviour (e.g. Lance Armstrong)

Answer 46

Increased performance standards provided higher levels of excitement Giant screens and play back technology provide more information Improved quality of facilities (e.g. Tottenham Hotspur Stadium) Increased access to sports coverage 24/7

Answer 47

Unethical sponsors (e.g. does alcohol/betting sponsors have a place in sport?) Increase in advertising disrupting flow of play Actual sporting action can take second place to advertising Increase in the cost of watching sport, for tickets or to buy subscriptions

Answer 48

Social Media Internet Cinema Written press (newspaper, magazine) Television (terrestrial = free to air) (satellite = subscription) (pay per view) Radio (local/national stations, dedicated sports stations)

Answer 49

Media Coverage Today • Coverage of sport is extensive and different types of media make it accessible to many people. • Media coverage is linked to the globalisation of sport in the 21st Century. • More sports are accessible with minority sports being represented. Media in the 1980s Media coverage in the 1980s was significantly different from coverage today: • Sports presenters were predominantly male dominated with little attention paid to female sport. • Football hooliganism was rife, and the media was dominated by reports of negative behaviour. • Global events were limited to the Olympics and World Cup competitions.

Answer 50

Satellite TV (subscription) e.g., Sky Sports/TNT Sports Changes 24/7 access to sports. Increased number of female sport on TV. Increased female sports presenters

Answer 51

Pay per view TV e.g., Sky Sports Boxing Changes Increased demand for big fights and sporting fixtures.

Answer 52

Internet e.g., YouTube/Smart TVs/Sky Go app Change On demand/catch up/live pause. Watch on the go on phones. Watch some live sports/highlights for free.

Answer 53

On docs in media

Answer 54

The Golden Triangle - ‘The relationship or interdependence between sport, sponsorship and media’ The sponsor gains exposure for product or service The sport increases revenue/profile The media gains revenue from advertising and viewed subscriptions The Golden Triangle in Action - Arsenal Arsenal / Sky Sports / Emirates • Club/Sponsor relationship - Emirates pay £50 million to be the front of shirt sponsor/naming rights to stadium. • Sponsor/Media relationship - Emirates gains exposure to a global fanbase with their name seen through different types of media. • Club/Media relationship - Arsenal benefit from their share of TV rights paid by Sky. Sky increases its numbers of subscribers as viewers cannot view live on free to air TV.

Answer 55

Increased profile of the sport, (e.g. cricket profile increased due to The Hundred). Increased sponsorship, (e.g. KP Snacks for The Hundred). Increased participation in the sport. Increased income for the sport and player income increases. Standard of play increases for sport.

Answer 56

Sports can become reliant on the media. Goes against the tradition of sport which can put some spectators off. Can change the nature of the sport to attract the media. Increased pressure on performers to be successful to maintain media interest. Media can control timings.

Answer 57

Increased profile of performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo most followed person on instagram with 644 mil). Increased revenue/income for performer, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s net worth $800 million). Increased sponsorship opportunities, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo’s Nike sponsorship).

Answer 58

Media intrusion into personal life, (e.g. Cristiano Ronaldo accused of rape). Exploited by sponsors taking up training time.

Answer 59

24/7 access to sport via subscriptions, (e.g. Sky Sports/TNT Sport). Adapted rules, (e.g. Hundred in cricket, increases entertainment for spectators). Standard of play increases (due to the increase in revenue), (e.g. Hundred in cricket).

Answer 60

TV subscriptions price increase. Subscriptions increase so much spectators can no longer afford to watch, (e.g. o watch all Premier League games on TV works out between £80-£90 a month). Disrupted coverage due to increased advertising and technology. Goes against tradition of sport, (e.g. the Hundred goes against test cricket).

Answer 61

UK Sport - The identification of potential elite athletes has been formalised and organised by UK sport. UK Sport is an organisation whose aim is the development of the UK’s sportsmen and sportswomen. It is funded jointly by the government and the National Lottery.

Answer 62

Phase 1: The athlete is assessed in a range of skill based and physical tests An in depth analysis of the athlete’s competition and training history takes place I V Phase 2-3: Further assessment of suitability Preparation of training and development Physical/medical screening/testing Psychological assessment I V Phase 4 (confirmation phase): 6-12 month trial in the specific sport’s elite training environment Continuous assessment to assure suitability. Non-successful athletes are given opportunity to compete via club system. I V Progress to elite programme OR return to club level

Answer 63

Pathway health check - Every 4 years a check on performance and fitness levels takes place, a benchmarking process to see whether performer is on track, National Campaigns / Examples of talent identification programmes: Tall and Talented (rowing/basketball) Discover Your Power (cycling/canoeing/skeleton) Find Your Greatness (range of disciplines)

Answer 64

The Olympic WCP is UK Sport’s National Lottery funded initiative to identify, develop and support talented athletes towards medal success at the Olympic Games and other global major Championships. The programme operates at two distinct levels: Podium - Supporting athletes with realistic medal winning capabilities (max 4 years from Olympics). Podium Potential - Supporting athletes whose performance suggests they have a realistic medal winning capabilities at subsequent Olympics (max 8 years from Olympics).

Answer 65

Athlete Performance Award (APA) • Funded by National Lottery, is paid directly to the athletes to cover living and sporting costs. • Designed to enable athletes to fully engage in a sport’s high-performance programme and meet the demands associated with progression towards the Olympic and Paralympic podium. • UK sport income up to £65,000 per year.

Answer 66

Organisation that develops ELITE sports performers in the UK Elite coaches- educates and develops coaches e.g., athletes have access to top coaches National Lottery- funding via world class programme e.g., athletes on the podium National Institutes - provides funding e.g., provides sports science support at English Institutes of Sport Attracts international top-level competitions to the UK e.g., London 2012 Olympics Talent Identification- implements Talent ID schemes e.g., Girls4Gold and might not have any experience in the sport they are selected for Funding : Distributes funding to NGBs e.g., NGB able to provide facilities and support to athlete’s training and achievement Funds every NGB nominated athlete e.g., Athlete Performance Award

Answer 67

Each country in the UK has a national sports institute: • Through funding from UK Sport, the UK sports institute (UKSI) work with coaches and sports administrators to help improve the performance of their athletes. • The UKSI provides athletes and coaches with access to high quality facilities.

Answer 68

UK’s nationwide network of expertise and facilities – ‘team behind the team’ World class facilities e.g., University of Bath skeleton and bobsleigh track Talent Identification e.g., Girls 4 Gold Education/Research e.g., research into enhancing performance, aerodynamic research Player Lifestyle Advice (PLA) e.g., physiotherapy, planned rehab, injury treatment and prevention Medical support e.g., physiotherapy, planned rehab, injury treatment and prevention Sports science support e.g., nutrition, biomechanics, physiology and psychology

Answer 69

UK Sport = Sports agency investing in Olympic/Paralympic sport. National Institutes of Sport = Provide support services (medicine/technology/WC science) to Olympic/Paralympic sport.

Answer 70

Compulsory PE lessons for all students Introduces a range of sports to students Helps students to develop fundamental, transferable motor skills Provides links to clubs in local areas Introduce young people to competition early Increase participation (widen base of performance pyramid) A Levels / GCSEs in PE prepare students for potential careers in sport Roles of school in elite sport: Comprehensive schools (a state funded secondary school; any pupil can attend). Private schools (also known as independent school) charge fees to attend. Grammar schools (state secondary schools that select their students by means of examinations taken by children at age 11).

Answer 71

Gives competitive experience Assists with talent identification / scouting Provide specialist / elite / high quality coaching Provide equipment and facilities Offer financial concessions (e.g. help with match fees, free gym memberships) May offer physiotherapy / medical support

Answer 72

Provide sports scholarships / bursaries Provide specialist / world class facilities Provide specialist / world class coaching Provide high levels of competition Provide sports science / medical support Allow students to train and compete whilst studying Host centres of sporting excellence / sports institutes BUCS (British University & Colleges Sport) : The national body for delivering competitive higher education sport in the UK. Ambition is to deliver exceptional sporting experiences to inspire, develop and unite. In the 24-25 season, BUCS are delivering 55 sports across their events programme.

Answer 73

Why do athletes drop out? Demand of the programme Poor performance Injury Pressure from outside of the sport Media pressure Family commitments Financial constraints Strategies to address drop out/failures rate Performance lifestyle programmes run by UK Sport attempts to help athletes cope with the pressures and demands of elite sport. Evaluate athlete to identify potential stressors or difficulties Advise on integration of sporting and personal life Teach strategies for dealing with media Arrange medical intervention (e.g. physiotherapy) Suggest training adaptations Give psychological support, teaching stress management techniques

Answer 74

• Equipment/clothing - high tech, lighter, more efficient (e.g. football boots, bikes, bobsleigh suits, tennis rackets) • Training aids - for enhanced training (e.g. hyperbaric/hypoxic chambers) • Injury prevention/safety - better surgical/diagnostic equipment (e.g. shoe technology, gait analysis, F1 halo) • Performance/activity monitoring - equipment to evaluate and improve (e.g. GPS, tracking vests/shirts, heart rate monitors • Medical technology - for faster recovery (e.g. MRI, ultrasound, keyhole surgery • Assessment of suitability - whether someone has potential to be an athlete (e.g. physiological screening, bone density/body fat %) • Paralympic aids - designed to optimise performance (e.g. prosthetics, wheelchairs)

Answer 75

• Accessibility - allows more people to access certain activities/facilities (e.g. wheelchair lifts, swimming pool hoists) • Inclusion - allows disabled people to participate more easily (e.g. running blades/adapted wheelchairs) • Motivation - provides information to increase motivation/adherence (e.g. smart watches, aura ring, phones which log health and fitness data) • Progress - makes learning skills more enjoyable or safer (e.g. low bounce balls, lighter bicycle frames, wind balls) • Opportunity - allows more sports to be played in all weathers and after dark (e.g. floodlights, synthetic turf pitches) • Mass production - good quality equipment is readily available and cheap (e.g. hikes, tennis rackets, skis)

Answer 76

Cost - new technology can be expensive giving those with money greater advantage and access Range of technological advances outside of physical activity and sports - can make people sedentary and less likely to take part on sport (e.g. smartphones, computers, games consoles)

Answer 77

Video officiating - enables accurate decisions to be made, verdure poor decisions, reduces cheating through detection of foul play (e.g. football - VAR, tennis/cricket - Hawkeye, rugby - TMO) Drug testing - prevents some athletes having unfair advantage through PEDs (e.g. more technologically advanced testing - biological passports) Timing devices - ensure results is correct (e.g. advanced timing devices, moving/still photography)

Answer 78

Drug taking - performance enhancing drug technology cannot keep up with new drug development Inequality - some athletes may not be able to afford technology (highest technology only accessible to those with more money/sponsorship deals) Pressure on officials - increased anxiety to make correct decisions / decision can be overruled by video replay / punditry, action replays, tv exposure can highlight errors / difficult for referees to avoid overuse of technology and distrust the game / potential litigation as easier to find evidence of negligence

Answer 79

Electronic punditry - creates interest and improves understanding (e.g. computer aided analysis, ball tracking, player tracking, Prozone) Giant screens - ensures those attending live matches don’t miss anything (e.g. replays, VAR in action) Multiple cameras - new camera angles/more cameras (e.g. stump camera in cricket, camera on referee in rugby, F1 cars onboard cameras) Video officiating - can create suspense (e.g. TMO)

Answer 80

Delay - slows sport down and interrupts the action of the game Reduces live attendances - spectators can get a better viewing experience from home

Paer 3 - Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport Flashcards

(104 cards)