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Question 1

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 1

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response effected by the unconditioned stimulus itself.

Question 2

Token Economy

Answer 2

a type of psychotherapy in which the inmates of an institution are rewarded for good behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges

Question 3

Aversive Counterconditioning

Answer 3

is the use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior – and replace with a desirable one.

Question 4

Assertiveness Training

Answer 4

a form of behavior therapy designed to help people stand up for themselves—to empower themselves, in more contemporary terms

Question 5

Premack Principle

Answer 5

states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.

Question 6

Contingency Contract

Answer 6

a type of intervention that is used to increase desirable behaviors or decrease undesirable ones.

Question 7

Implosive Therapy

Answer 7

a form of behavior therapy involving intensive recollection and review of anxiety-producing situations or events in a patient’s life in an attempt to develop more appropriate responses to similar situations in the future.

Question 8

Albert Ellis

Answer 8

was an American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Question 9

Rationality

Answer 9

the quality or state of being agreeable to reason. An action, belief, or desire is rational if we ought to choose it.

Question 10

Irrationality

Answer 10

cognition, thinking, talking or acting without inclusion of rationality. It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate use of reason, emotional distress, or cognitive deficiency

Question 11

Activating Event

Answer 11

The “things” that happen, these “things” can be almost anything i.e. events that happen around us or to us, thoughts, and feelings, etc

Question 12

Beliefs

Answer 12

an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists, trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something

Question 13

Behavioral Consequences

Answer 13

have a direct influence on the behavior a child exhibit; because behavior can be modified,increased, initiated, or extinguished, by systematic manipulation of its consequences. The possible consequences of human behavior are classified as positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

Question 14

Target Problem

Answer 14

(1) In case-level evaluation designs, the problems social workers seek to solve for their clients; (2) A measurable behavior, feeling, or cognition that is either a problem in itself or symptomatic of some other problem.

Question 15

Emotional Disturbance

Answer 15

A product/outcome of making logical errors that tilt objective reality in the direction of self deprecation. Ex. “I am totally to blame for my divorce.” Developed by Albert Ellis

Question 16

RET

Answer 16

Founded by Albert Ellis, Rational Emotive Therapy

Question 17

ABC Model

Answer 17

Activating Event, Irrational Beliefs, Consequences of such beliefs.
developed by Albert Ellis


Question 18

Aaron Beck

Answer 18

Founder of Cognitive Therapy

Question 19

Automatic Thoughts

Answer 19

A Concept within Beck’s Cognitive Therapy model whereby the approach is to focus on an individual’s automatic thoughts reflect underlying basic assumptions

Question 20

Cognitive Schemas

Answer 20

Internal frame of reference of thinking set in his or her mind in early childhood that guides basic assumptions or automatic thoughts aka Core Beliefs

Question 21

Cognitive Distortions

Answer 21

One’e automatic thoughts often contain errors or, cognitive distortion

Question 22

Dichotomous Thinking

Answer 22

Viewing things in one of two extreme categories.

Question 23

Arbitrary Inference

Answer 23

Making a conclusion without sufficient evidence or even with contradictory evidence)

Question 24

Selective Abstraction

Answer 24

Coming to a conclusion based only on a detail taken out of context while ignoring other relevant information

Question 25

Catastrophizing

Answer 25

An aspect of arbitrary inference whereby one thinks of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situation

Question 26

Overgeneralization

Answer 26

Applying a general rule from isolated incidents to other inappropriate or unrelated situations

Question 27

Labeling & Mislabeling

Answer 27

Involves portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity

Question 28

Magnification or Minimization

Answer 28

Viewing something a much greater or significantly less that it really is

Question 29

Personalization

Answer 29

Is a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves even when there is no evidence for making this connection

Question 30

Underlying Assumptions

Answer 30

Paired with automatic thoughts, Beck’s automatic assumptions are part of our basic beliefs about life thought to be set in early childhood

Question 31

Irrational Thoughts

Answer 31

“Should” “Must” “have to” “ought to” A component of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. It is the assumption of “crooked” thinking. Example: “I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly well.”

Question 32

Self-Monitoring

Answer 32

Involves the client keeping careful daily records of specific behaviors. Example: frequency of hand washing

Question 33

Stimulus Control

Answer 33

Term used to describe situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus. Example: if you always eat when you watch TV, you’re eating behavior is controlled by the stimulus of watching TV.

Question 34

Self-Reinforcement

Answer 34

Is a process whereby individuals control their own behavior by rewarding themselves when a certain standard of performance has been attained or surpassed

Question 35

Self-Punishment

Answer 35

Self-punishment (or the "need for punishment") is a tendency, postulated by Freud, which drives certain subjects to inflict suffering upon themselves and search out painful situations, for the purpose of neutralizing a feeling of unconscious guilt.

Question 36

Biofeedback

Answer 36

Biofeedback, or applied psychophysiological feedback, is a patient-guided treatment that teaches an individual to control muscle tension, pain, body temperature, brain waves, and other bodily functions and processes through relaxation, visualization, and other cognitive control techniques. The name biofeedback refers to the biological signals that are fed back, or returned, to the patient in order for the patient to develop techniques of manipulating them

Question 37

Identified Patient

Answer 37

Identified patient, or "IP", is a term used in a clinical setting to describe the person in a dysfunctional family who has been subconsciously selected to act out the family's inner conflicts as a diversion

Question 38

System

Answer 38

Western culture is the adaption of “systems” perspective. Systemic therapist explores the system for family process and rules, perhaps using a genogram. It represents a set of unit that stands in some consistent relationship to one another

Question 39

Boundaries

Answer 39

A personal characteristic of an effective counselor: they are able to maintain healthy boundaries. It is seen as the degree of emotional connection, dependence, support, and influence between different subsystems with the family, and between these subsystems and other social systems.

Question 40

Homeostasis

Answer 40

Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. A dynamic state of balance or equilibrium in a system, or a tendency toward achieving and maintaining such a state in an effort to ensure a stable environment.

Question 41

Double-Bind

Answer 41

This technique is often used by strategic and systemic family therapists who may directively instruct families to persist in their problem behaviors, thus putting them into a therapeutic double bind. Paradoxical intervention- Example: Couples who often argue are encouraged to argue even more

Question 42

Triangulation

Answer 42

Key concept described by Bowen, referring to process in which three people are involved in a two- against- one experience. Example: married couple with marital conflict and tension pill in their teenage daughter as a third person to help stabilize their conflict rather than dealing with it more directly by themselves.

Question 43

Enmeshment

Answer 43

This is one way therapist describes and thinks of families as being. Enmeshment is a description of a relationship between two or more people in which personal boundaries are permeable and unclear.  This often happens on an emotional level in which two people "feel" each other's emotions, or when one person becomes emotionally escalated and the other family member does as well.

Question 44

DIsengagement

Answer 44

This is one way therapist describes and thinks of families as being. The action or process of withdrawing from involvement in a particular activity, situation, or group; emotional detachment.

Question 45

Differentiation

Answer 45

Differentiation of self, or one’s ability to have a separate sense of self independent from the family and also one’s ability to differentiate between ones intellect and ones feelings, is crucial for the healthy functioning of the individual in his or her family.

Question 46

Individuation

Answer 46

A specific process described by object relations theorists. Refers to how an individual can separate from his or her mother and develop into an independent person

Question 47

System Disturbance

Answer 47

Seen in the disturbance of a family system. A situation in which the psychological disturbance of one parent dominates the family’s interactions.

Question 48

Eclectic

Answer 48

Not following any one system, as of philosophy, medicine, etc., but selecting and using what are considered the best elements of all systems

Question 49

Jay Adams

Answer 49

book Competent to Counsel in 1970. It is from that book that Adams developed what is known as nouthetic counseling(is a form of pastoral counseling that holds that counselling should be based solely upon the Bible and focused upon sin, and that repudiating mainstream psychology and psychiatry as humanistic, radically secular and fundamentally opposed to Christianity) Over time, Adams has become a popular advocate of "strictly biblical approaches" to counseling, whose "perspectives are influencing evangelical Christianity today.

Question 50

Imago Dei

Answer 50

“Image of God” A theological term, applied uniquely to humans, which denotes the symbolical relation between God and humanity. The term has its roots in Genesis 1:27, wherein "God created man in his own image. . ."

Question 51

Paraclete

Answer 51

noun: 1. An advocate or intercessor. 2. ( initial capital letter ) the holy spirit; the Comforter

Question 52

Cybernetics

Answer 52

noun (used with a singular verb) the study of human control functions and of mechanical and electronic systems designed to replace them, involving the application of statistical mechanics to communication engineering

Question 53

Circular Causality

Answer 53

Circular causality is a series of events that are influenced by the preceding events. While using A, B and C as an examples we can illustrate circular causality. This means that A causes B to happen and B causes C to happen