Pain

Question 1

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

Answer 1

Movement and reward

Question 2

What is the thalamus?

Answer 2

Sensory gateway

Question 3

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 3

Memory

Question 4

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 4

Body function regulation

Question 5

What is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 5

Emotion

Question 6

What are first order neurones?

Answer 6

Dorsal root ganglion mechanosensory neurones

Question 7

What does is mean when first order sensory neurones are described as pseudounipolar?

Answer 7

They have two axons extending from the cell body and no dendrites

Question 8

What are the two axons of a mechanosensory neurone called?

Answer 8

Peripheral branch, central branch

Question 9

What is the unconscious somatosensory ascending pathway?

Answer 9

Proprioception through the spinocerebellar tract

Question 10

What is the conscious somatosensory ascending pathway?

Answer 10

Nociception and mechanosensation

Question 11

What is detected by nociception?

Answer 11

Pain and temperature

Question 12

What is a dermatome?

Answer 12

Neurological mapping of the areas innervated by a spinal nerve

Question 13

Which layer of the cortex receives thalamic input?

Answer 13

Layer IV

Question 14

Where does the cortex send information?

Answer 14

To limbic structures and descending

Question 15

What is the measurement of pain?

Answer 15

Numeric scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain)

Question 16

What is nociception?

Answer 16

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

Question 17

Where can nociceptors be found?

Answer 17

All tissue except the brain

Question 18

What are the three types of noxious stimuli?

Answer 18

Mechanical, thermal, chemical

Question 19

What order are pain projection neurones?

Answer 19

Second order

Question 20

Which receptor detects painful heat?

Answer 20

TRP1V

Question 21

Which receptor-tricking molecule is found in hot food?

Answer 21

Capsaicin

Question 22

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 22

Stretch-sensitive cation channels

Question 23

Which nociceptor is polymodal?

Answer 23

Mechano-nociceptor

Question 24

What are C-fibres?

Answer 24

Polymodal nociceptors responsible for dull aching pain

Question 25

How is the conscious experience of pain produced?

Answer 25

Integration of pain signals from multiple brain structures

Question 26

What are discriminative components?

Answer 26

Pathways that target traditional somatosensory areas of the cortex

Question 27

What are affective-motivational components?

Answer 27

Components that depend on additional cortical and brainstem pathways

Question 28

Where do 1st order neurones send signals from and to?

Answer 28

Stimulus site -> substantia gelatinosa in dorsal horn

Question 29

Where do 2nd order neurones send information from and to?

Answer 29

Spinal cord -> thalamus

Question 30

What information is transported through the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Answer 30

Temperature and pain

Question 31

What information is transported through the anterior spinothalamic tract?

Answer 31

Crude touch and pressure

Question 32

Where do 3rd order neurones send information from and to?

Answer 32

Thalamus -> other brain centres

Question 33

Which nociceptive fibres are responsible for fast sharp pain?

Answer 33

A delta fibres

Question 34

Which nociceptive fibres are responsible for slow aching pain?

Answer 34

C fibres

Question 35

What is the ratio of A delta : C nociceptive fibres?

Answer 35

1:9

Question 36

What are lidocaine and novocaine?

Answer 36

Local anaesthetics

Question 37

What do anaesthetics do?

Answer 37

Directly inhibit Na+ channels, preventing generation of action potentials

Question 38

What are nociceptors bathed in and why?

Answer 38

Inflammatory mediators to increase sensitivity and lower depolarisation threshold

Question 39

What do NSAIDs target?

Answer 39

Production of prostaglandins by COX

Question 40

What is the first level of nociceptive modulation at the spinal cord?

Answer 40

Substantia gelatinosa segmental controls

Question 41

What is the purpose of the substantia gelatinosa?

Answer 41

Gating mechanism to modulate incoming signals

Question 42

What are nociceptive signals integrated in context with?

Answer 42

Other ongoing stimuli

Question 43

Why does one pain mask another?

Answer 43

Diffuse inhibitory controls by nociceptive stimuli

Question 44

What makes up the body's own analgesic system?

Answer 44

Endogenous opioids such as enkephalin

Question 45

What effect is produced by artificial stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter?

Answer 45

Analgesic

Question 46

What are morphine, diamorphine and codeine?

Answer 46

Exogenous opioids used to treat pain

Question 47

What is referred pain?

Answer 47

Pain perceived at a site other than that of nociception

Question 48

Where do cutaneous and visceral nociceptive afferents converge?

Answer 48

On projection neurones

Question 49

What is allodynia?

Answer 49

Pain due to a normally non pain-causing stimulus

Question 50

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 50

Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system