Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

Describe the biopsychosocial model of pain

A

Pain affects all aspects of one’s life

Reduced quality of life and general health
Mental and emotional health
Increased risk of suicide
Problems with cognitive function, such as reduced processing speed, selective attention, memory, and executive functioning
School/work absence and reduced productivity
Increased disability and inactivity
Decreased social connections and supports
Increased health care utilization

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3
Q

How can pain be classified?

A
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4
Q

Compare acute vs chronic pain?

A
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5
Q

Define nociceptive pain

A

Arises from damage to body tissue; typical pain one experiences as a result of injury, disease, or inflammation
Usually described as sharp, aching, or throbbing pain
e.g., burning your hand on a hot stovetop (tissue damage = adaptive)

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6
Q

Define neuropathic pain

A

Arises from direct damage to the nervous system itself, usually peripheral nerves but can also originate in central nervous system
Usually described as burning or shooting/radiating, the skin might be numb, tingling, or extremely sensitive – even to light touch (allodynia)
e.g., post-herpetic neuralgia (i.e. shingles pain)

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7
Q

Define nociplastic pain

A

Arises from a change in the way sensory neurons function, rather than from direct damage to the nervous system; sensory neurons become more responsive (sensitization)
Usually described similar in nature to neuropathic pain
e.g., fibromyalgia (no tissue damage = maladaptive)

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8
Q

Chronic pain is always associated with….

A

Nociplastic Pain

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9
Q

Types of nocicpetive pain

A
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10
Q

Noceceptive Pain Pathway

A

A-delat – myelinated – fast
C-fibre – slow, not as fast – not myelinated
Thalamus is the relay system
Modulation – Brain telling the body to react (you need to do something; you can relax)

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11
Q

Noci Transuction

A
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12
Q

Noci Conduction

A
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13
Q

Noci Transmission

A

A-δand C-nerve fibers synapse in various layers (laminae) of the spinal cord’s dorsal horn

Release excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate, substance P)

N-type voltage-gated calcium channels regulate the release of these excitatory neurotransmitters

Pain signals reach brain through various ascending spinal cord pathways (including spinothalamic tract)

Thalamus acts as relay station within brain

Pathways ascend and pass impulses to higher cortical structures for further pain processing

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14
Q

Noci Perception

A

Pain becomes a conscious experience

Occurs in higher cortical structures

Physiology of perception is not well understood
Cognitive and behavioural functions can modify pain

Relaxation, distraction, meditation may ↓ pain
Depression, anxiety ↑ pain

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15
Q

Noci Modulation

A
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16
Q

Neuropathic vs Nociceptive Pain Differnces

A

Different from nociceptive pain
No noxious stimuli
Result of damage or abnormal functioning of the PNS +/- CNS

17
Q

Types of neuropathuc pain

A

Peripheral nerve injury
E.g. postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy

Central nerve system injury
E.g. post-ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis

18
Q

Compare the types of neuropathic pain

A
19
Q

Describe the process of nociplastic pain

A