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HEALTH ASSESSMENT - EENT > PAIN > Flashcards

PAIN Flashcards

1
Q

It is defined by the person experiencing it, and it
exists according to their own perception and
description

A

pain

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2
Q

It is whatever the patient says it is

A

pain

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3
Q

It is subjective in nature, only the person
experiencing it may describe it and highly
individualized

A

pain

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4
Q

A sensation of physical or mental hurt
or suffering that causes distress or
agony to one experiencing it.

A

pain

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5
Q

it provides
warning signal for tissue injury. It
helps minimize injury and is often a called what?

A

protective/protective mechanism

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6
Q

The alleviation of pain or a reduction
in pain to a level of comfort that is
acceptable to the client.

A

pain management

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7
Q

Effective pain management is an
important aspect of nursing care to
promote what?

A

healing
prevent complications
reduce suffering
prevent the development of incurable
pain states

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8
Q

theories of pain?

A

Pattern Theory
Specificity Theory
Gate Control Theory
Affect Theory
Parallel Processing
Model

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9
Q

It states that pain is
perceived whenever the
stimulus is intense enough

A

Pattern Theory

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10
Q

A theory maintaining that
the nerve impulse pattern
for pain is produced by
intense stimulation of non-
specific receptors

A

Pattern Theory

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11
Q

It states that there are
specific nerve receptors for
particular stimuli.

A

Specificity Theory

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12
Q

what is the nerve receptor for noxious stimuli?

A

nociceptors

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13
Q

what is the nerve receptor for heat or cold?

A

thermoceptor

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14
Q

what is the nerve receptor for pressure, pulling or tearing sensation?

A

mechanoceptor

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15
Q

what is the nerve receptor for chemicals?

A

chemoceptors

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16
Q

What theory conceptualizes that there is a gate in the spinal cord which can modulate pain signals?

A

Gate Control Theory

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17
Q

What is the gate in the spinal cord called, as conceptualized in pain modulation theories?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa Cells

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18
Q

What types of interventions can help explain why pain relief is achieved through the modulation of the spinal cord gate?

A

electrical and mechanical intervention

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19
Q

It avers that the pain
is emotional

A

Affect Theory

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20
Q

What theory explains that the intensity of perceived pain depends on the value of the organ affected to the individual?

A

Affect Theory

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21
Q

What model believes that the physiologic or neurologic deciphering of the pain sensation and the cognitive emotional properties occur along different nerve fibers?

A

Parallel Processing model

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22
Q

WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN?

A

TRANSDUCTION
TRANSMISSION
PERCEPTION
MODULATION

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23
Q

Thermal, chemical or
mechanical stimuli (Pain-
producing stimuli)

A

Transduction

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24
Q

Stimuli causes cellular damage
leading to a release of
neurotransmitters

A

Transmission

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25
Q

Person becomes aware of the
pain

A

Perception

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26
Q

determines the pain
intensity and location

A

Somatosensory cortex

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27
Q

mainly the limbic system
determines how the person perceives it

A

Association cortex

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28
Q

What term describes the behavioral and physiological response that occurs after an individual feels pain?

A

Reaction

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29
Q

Neuromodulators are released
the moment pain is perceived
by the brain

A

Modulation

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30
Q

Which type of nerve fibers deliver sensory impulses to the spinal cord, where they synapse with spinal motor neurons?

A

Delta A fiber

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31
Q

WHAT ARE THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS (EXCITATORY):

A

PROSTAGLANDINS
BRADYKININ
SUBSTANCE P
HISTAMINE
SEROTONIN

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32
Q

What substances, produced through the breakdown of phospholipids found in cellular membranes, are known to increase pain sensitivity?

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

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33
Q

What substance, released from plasma that escapes from neighboring blood vessels at the location of tissue damage, attaches to receptors on peripheral nerves, amplifying sensations of pain, and also attaches to cells initiating the cascade leading to the production of prostaglandins?

A

BRADYKININ

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34
Q

What substance, discovered within the pain neurons of the dorsal horn and acting as an excitatory peptide, is required for the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to higher centers in the brain, and also induces vasodilation and edema?

A

SUBSTANCE P

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35
Q

What substance, generated by mast cells, leads to capillary dilation and an increase in capillary permeability?

A

HISTAMINE

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from both the brainstem and dorsal horn to suppress pain transmission?

A

SEROTONIN

37
Q

WHAT ARE THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN?

A

NEUROREGULATORS AND NEUROMODULATORS

38
Q

What are the naturally occurring sources of morphine-like substances within the body called?

A

Endorphins

39
Q

What is the term for the pain relief that occurs when endorphins fasten to opiate receptors in the brain?

A

Induced anaglesia

40
Q

As pain signals travel along the spinal cord towards the brainstem and thalamus, what system is activated by the stress response?

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

41
Q

Low to moderate intensity pain or
superficial pain?

A

trigger the fight to flight response
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

Severe , deep, or continuous pain?

A

activate the parasympathetic nervous system

43
Q

If pain is not treated, it can
profoundly alter the what?

A

alter the quality of life

44
Q

Signs of pain: THAG

A
  • Teeth clenching
  • Holding the affected area
  • Adopting a hunched posture
  • Grimace
45
Q

TYPES OF PAIN : LOCATION

A

SUPERFICIAL OR CUTANEOUS PAIN
DEEP or VISCERAL
REFERRED
RADIATING

46
Q

What type of pain location from stimulation of the skin, has a short duration and is localized, is characterized by a sharp sensation, and includes examples such as small cuts and insect bites?

A

SUPERFICIAL OR CUTANEOUS PAIN

47
Q

What type of pain location from stimulation of internal organs, spreads out and radiates in multiple directions, lasts longer than superficial pain, and can be sharp, dull, or distinct to the organ involved?

A

Deep or Visceral

48
Q

Give me examples of Deep Visceral Pain: MAP

A

Myocardial Infarction
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis

49
Q

crushing or
squeezing chest
pain?

A

myocardial infarction

50
Q

severe
and persistent
abdominal pain?

A

Appendicitis

51
Q

intense pain
in the upper abdomen?

A

Pancreatitis

52
Q

What type of pain is perceived in non-affected regions, where pain is experienced in a body part separate from the actual source of pain and can take on various characteristics?

A

Referred pain

53
Q

Give me examples of referred pain:

A

Angina
Kidney stones

54
Q

chest
pain or discomfort
that may radiate to
the left arm or jaw?

A

Angina

55
Q

pain
radiating from the lower
back to the groin area?

A

Kidney Stones

56
Q

What type of pain involves the feeling of pain spreading from the original injury site to a different area of the body, with the sensation of pain moving or coursing along a specific body part, and can be intermittent or constant?

A

Radiating pain

57
Q

Give me example of radiating pain?

A

SCIATICA
MIGRAINE HEADACHE

58
Q

originates in the
lower back or
buttock and
radiates down the
back of the leg,
often caused by
compression or
irritation of the
sciatic nerve?

A

Sciatica

59
Q

radiates
from one side of the head and
may extend to the forehead,
temples, or back of the head

A

Migraine Headache

60
Q

TYPES OF PAIN: DURATION

A

ACUTE / TRANSIENT PAIN
CHRONIC / PERSISTENT NON-
CANCER PAIN
CHRONIC EPISODIC PAIN

61
Q

What type of pain is protective, has a known cause, lasts for a short duration (less than 3 months), reduces tissue damage, eventually resolves once the affected area is healed (with or without medical intervention), but may progress to chronic pain if left untreated, and can result in extended hospital stays, susceptibility to complications due to immobility, and delayed healing?

A

Acute or Transient pain

62
Q

Primary Nursing Goal:

A

Provide Pain relief

63
Q

What type of pain is not protective, has no purpose, lasts longer than 6 months, is constant or recurring with mild to severe intensity, has no known cause, includes examples such as arthritis, low back pain, myofascial pain, headache, and peripheral neuropathy, is non-life-threatening, and is a major cause of psychological and physical disability affecting quality of life, with associated symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, apathy, hopelessness, and anger?

A

CHRONIC / PERSISTENT NON-
CANCER PAIN

64
Q

What type of pain occurs sporadically over extended periods, may last for hours, days, or weeks, and includes examples such as migraine headaches and pain associated with sickle cell disease?

A

Chronic Episodic pain

65
Q

TYPES OF PAIN: INTENSITY

A

by using a pain assessment scales

66
Q

give me examples of pain assessment scale:

A

numerical rating scale
verbal rating scale
visual analog scale
faces scale

67
Q

TYPES OF PAIN:

A

LOCATION
DURATION
INTENSITY
ETHIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY

68
Q

TYPES OF PAIN:
ETIOLOGY / PATHOLOGY

A

CANCER PAIN
PAIN BY INFERRED PATHOLOGICAL
PROCESSES

69
Q

What type of pain may be both nociceptive and/or neuropathic, occurs as a result of tumor progression and associated pathological processes, invasive procedures, side effects of treatments, infection, and restriction of physical abilities, and usually manifests late in the disease process?

A

Cancer pain

70
Q

is experienced when an
intact, properly functioning nervous system
sends signals that tissues are damaged,
requiring attention and proper care.

A

Nociceptive Pain

71
Q

arises
from the bone, joint, muscle, skin or
connective tissue; typically
characterized by a dull or pulsating
sensation and highly localized?

A

Somatic (musculoskeletal) Pain

72
Q

originates from internal organs like
the gastrointestinal tract and
pancreas.

A

Visceral (internal organ) Pain

73
Q

types of: Centrally Generated Pain

A

Differentiated pain
Sympathetically Maintained Pain

74
Q

damage to either
the peripheral or central nervous system

A

Differentiated pain

75
Q

impaired regulation of the autonomic
nervous system (ANS)

A

Sympathetically maintained Pain

76
Q

what are the two type of generated pain?

A

Centrally Generated pain
Peripherally Generated Pain

77
Q

Types of: Peripherally generated pain

A

Painful Mononeuropathies
Painful Polyneuropathies

78
Q

pain experienced
throughout the course of multiple peripheral
nerves

A

Painful polyneuropathies

79
Q

related with a
known peripheral nerve injury

A

Painful Mononeuropathies

80
Q

Factors Affecting the Pain Experience: EDEPMA

A

Ethnic and Cultural Values
Developmental Stage
Environment and Support People
Previous Pain Experience
Meaning of pain
Anxiety

81
Q

mnemonics for pain assessment : PQRST

A

provocation/palliation
quality/quantity
region/ radiation
severity scale
timing

82
Q

TYPES OF RESPONSES TO PAIN

A

involuntary response
voluntary response

83
Q

THREE STAGES OF PAIN
RESPONSE

A

Activation
Rebound
Adaptation

84
Q

Is actual pain felt in a body part that is no longer
present

A

phantom pain

85
Q

where non-painful stimuli (contact with
linen, water or wind) produce pain

A

Allodynia

86
Q

denote a heightened response to a painful stimuli (severe
response to a paper cut)

A

hyperalgesia/hyperpathia

HEALTH ASSESSMENT - EENT (10 decks)

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