Pain and Stress Flashcards
What is nociception?
The detection of and reaction to painful stimulus
What are the 3 noxious stimuli?
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Thermal
How is pain evaluated?
Clinical signs
What are the 6 pain scoring models?
- Simple descriptive scale
- Numeric rating scale
- Visual analogue scale
- Dynamic and interactive visual assessment scale
- Glasgow composite pain scale
- Rabbit grimace scale
What are the consequences of untreated pain?
Chronic pain conditions causes trouble falling asleep, so there will be delayed healing of pain conditions
What is stress?
An environmental effect on an individual which overtakes its control systems
When is stress good?
- Survival: flight or fight
- Increased heart rate
- Increased blood to muscles
- Increased fitness
When is stress bad?
- Effects internal organs
- Reduces immunity
- Reduces reproduction
- May become inappetant
- Not good for geriatrics
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)?
- The stress response system
- The hypothalamus sends corticotropin-releasing hormone (CTH) to the pituitary gland
- the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the adrenal gland
- The adrenal gland releases cortisol, which causes stress
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What happens in a sympathetic state?
- Dilated pupils
- Dilated bronchi
- Increased heart rate
- Inhibited digestion
What happens in a parasympathetic state?
- Constricted pupils
- Constricted bronchi
- Decreased heart rate
- Stimulated digestion
What are the physiological/clinical indicators of pain and stress?
- Temperature
- Respiratory rate
- Immunosuppression
What are the behavioural indicators for pain and stress?
- Changes in behaviour
- Reduced exploration
- Apathy and unresponsive
- Lack of maintenance behaviours
- Abnormal behaviours
