Pain (Chapter 7) Flashcards
(64 cards)
how can fast pain be described ?
sharp, prickling, acute, electric
how can slow pain be described ?
burning, aching, throbbing, nauseous, chronic
how is pain initiated ? where can it be found ?
initiated by free nerve endings in superficial layer of the skin
also found in internal tissues (periosteum, arterial walls, joint surfaces, falx, tentorium of the cranial vault)
explain pain in deep tissues
they dont have pain nerves, but overall pain can give the impression of pain in these areas
what is periosteum ?
the membrane that lines the outer surface of bones
what is falx
part of the dura mater of the cranium
what is the tentorium cerebelli ?
extension of dura mater separating the cerebellum from the inf portion of occ lobes
what are the 3 types of stimuli that pain is initiated by ?
mechanical, thermal, chemical
what is fast pain initiated by? which type of stimuli
mechanical and thermal
which type of stimuli initiates slow pain ?
mechanical, thermal, chemical
name seven causes of chemical pain
bradykinin serotonin histamine potassium ions acids ach proteolytic enzymes
what is pain enhanced by ? how ?
prostaglandins and substance P
they make the nerve endings more sensitive
explain the adaptation mechanism of pain receptors
they are non-adaptable
continue to deliver pain signals and may in fact lead to greater pain sensitivity called hyperalgesia
what is the correlation between pain and tissue damage?
positive
what degree celsius is when tissues start to be damaged ?
45
following tissue damage, what is the number one responsible chemical for pain ?
bradykinin
in a painful area, what will you find local increases of ?
potassium ions and proteolytic enzymes because they directly attack nerve endings due to increased ion permeability
what is ischemia ? how does it cause pain
blocked flow
causes pain through buildup of lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism + bradykinins and proteolytic enzymes
what is bradykinin ?
a small peptide that is a physiologic mediator of pain
what is the neospinothalamic tract ?
fast pain transmitted from peripheral nerves to spinal cord by small type A delta fibers
velocity of 6-30 m/s
terminates in brain stem and somatosensory cortex
what is the paleospinothalamic tract ?
slow pain transmitted to spinal cord by C fibers at 0.5-2m/s terminating in spinal cord
explain the dual system of pain
the two tracts, slow and fast, work together
initial fast response makes person react quickly
second slow response makes person respond over time to alleviate the situation
how many pain tracts are there ?
2 except 3 in higher mammals
what are 5 non-drug ways of dealing with pain ?
1- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
2- manual acupressure
3- endogenous opioids (innate)
4- surgical interruption (cutting of pain nervous pathways by cordotomy in thoracic region of spinal cord) spinal cord on side opposite to pain is partially cut in anterolateral quadrant to interrupt the anterolateral sensory pathway
5- acupuncture
