Pain. Definitions.

Question 1

What is allodynia?

Answer 1

When a stimulus that shouldn’t cause pain generates a pain response.

Question 2

What is an adrenergic neuron?

Answer 2

Any neuron that leads to the release of norepinephrine/adrenaline.

Question 3

What are afferent neurons?

Answer 3

Neurons that take information from sensory cells in the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

Question 4

What are afferent neurons also known as?

Answer 4

As sensory neurons.

Question 5

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

The part of the nervous system that is responsible for involuntary actions such as breathing or heartbeats.

Question 6

What is ataxia?

Answer 6

Uncoordinated movements.

Question 7

What is an axon?

Answer 7

The long processes that branch off the nerve cell body and take information towards the CNS or to other neurons.

Question 8

What are efferent neurons?

Answer 8

Neurons that take information from the central nervous system to effector cells in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 9

What are efferent neurons also known as?

Answer 9

As motor neurons.

Question 10

What is the nerve cell body?

Answer 10

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

Question 11

What is the central nervous system?

Answer 11

The nervous system within the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

What is a cholinergic neuron?

Answer 12

Any neuron that leads to the release of acetylcholine.

Question 13

What is circumduction?

Answer 13

When an animal moves limbs in a circular motion.

Question 14

What is a contralateral stimulus?

Answer 14

When a stimulus is generated on one side of the body, but is transmitted on the other side of the body.

Question 15

What is a cortical map?

Answer 15

A map that shows and divides the different areas of the cortex into the stimuli they respond to.

Question 16

What is the decussation of neurons?

Answer 16

When neurons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Question 17

What is delayed protraction?

Answer 17

When an animal cannot move its limb.

Question 18

What is a dendrite?

Answer 18

The long processes that branch off the nerve cell body and receive information from other nerve cells.

Question 19

What is an electrical gradient?

Answer 19

A difference in electrical potential (charge) across a membrane.

Question 20

What is endplate synapsis?

Answer 20

Synapsis into skeletal muscle.

Question 21

What is a ganglion?

Answer 21

Areas where synapsis takes place.

Question 22

What is a gated ion channel?

Answer 22

An ion channel that is closed until it receives a certain stimulus.

Question 23

What is hypermetria?

Answer 23

When an animal takes abnormally high steps.

Question 24

What is hypometria?

Answer 24

When an animal takes abnormally low steps or drags its feet.

Question 25

What are interneurons?

Answer 25

The neurons involved in decision making.

Question 26

How do interneurons work?

Answer 26

They take information from afferent neurons and will send information to efferent neurons.

Question 27

What are interneurons also known as?

Answer 27

As association neurons.

Question 28

What is an ipsilateral stimulus?

Answer 28

When a stimulus from one side of the body is transmitted up the same side of the spinal cord.

Question 29

What is a leaky channel?

Answer 29

An ion channel within the cell membrane that is always open.

Question 30

What are ligand gated channels?

Answer 30

Gated ion channels that only open when a ligand binds to a receptor on the protein.

Question 31

What is the limbic system?

Answer 31

Interconnected tissues in the forebrain that connects to the cortex and the hypothalamus.

Question 32

What information is received by the limbic system?

Answer 32

Sensory information.

Question 33

What are mechanically gated ion channels?

Answer 33

Ion channels that open following stimuli such as pressure or distension of the cell membrane.

Question 34

What is a myelinated axon?

Answer 34

An axon that has been coated with myelin.

Question 35

What is a myostatic reflex?

Answer 35

When the ascending and descending information for the reflex is carried by the same nerve.

Question 36

What is the nervous system?

Answer 36

The system in the body that governs actions and/or reactions.

Question 37

What does the nervous system allow us to do?

Answer 37

To interact with our internal and external environments.

Question 38

What is neuromodulation?

Answer 38

When a stimulus binding to a neuron leads to physical changes within the neuron.

Question 39

What is a neuron?

Answer 39

A nerve cell.

Question 40

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 40

A chemical substance that is released from a nerve cell and travels to another cell to stimulate a response.

Question 41

What stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

A nerve impulse.

Question 42

What are nociceptors?

Answer 42

Pain receptors.

Question 43

What is nociduction?

Answer 43

The conduction of pain stimuli around the body.

Question 44

What is pain?

Answer 44

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Question 45

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 45

The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

Question 46

What is resting membrane potential?

Answer 46

The usual membrane potential between a cells interior and the extracellular environment.

Question 47

What voltage is a cells usual resting membrane potential?

Answer 47

-70mV compared to the extracellular environment.

Question 48

What is sensory ataxia?

Answer 48

When an animal has an uncoordinated gate and/or postural responses without a loss of muscle strength.

Question 49

What is a sensory field?

Answer 49

The small area that is innervated by a neuron.

Question 50

What is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 50

The part of the cortex that deals with touch, pain and other sensations of the skin.

Question 51

What is spatial summation?

Answer 51

When more than one synapse arrives at the postsynaptic cell and pushes it to threshold.

Question 52

What is a synapse?

Answer 52

When a nerve impulse is transmitted between 2 neurons.

Question 53

What is temporal summation?

Answer 53

When a series of action potentials from one synapse arrives at a postsynaptic cell, pushing it to threshold in a series of steps.

Question 54

What is a voltage gated ion channel?

Answer 54

A gated ion channel that will open when its environment reaches a certain voltage.

Question 55

At what voltage will a voltage gated ion channel open?

Answer 55

Usually around -35 to -40 mV.