Review.

Question 1

What is the nervous system?

Answer 1

The system the body uses so that different parts of the body can communicate with each other.

Question 2

What is governed by the nervous system?

Answer 2

The body’s actions and reactions.

Question 3

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

Answer 3

Detecting a stimulus.

Processing information from that stimulus.

Responding to that stimulus.

Question 4

What part of the nervous system picks up a stimulus?

Answer 4

Afferent/sensory neurons.

Question 5

What part of the nervous system is involved in processing a stimulus?

Answer 5

Interneurons.

Question 6

What part of the nervous system will deliver the brains response to a stimulus?

Answer 6

Efferent/motor neurons.

Question 7

Will external and internal stimuli be transmitted around the body in the same way?

Answer 7

Yes.

Question 8

What are 7 steps of the journey that a stimulus takes from the moment it has been felt to the point where a response is delivered?

Answer 8

Stimulus picked up by an afferent neuron.

Afferent neuron transmits stimulus to the CNS.

CNS takes stimulus to brain.

Inter neurons in brain process stimulus.

Brain makes a response.

Efferent neuron deliver response to PNS via CNS.

Response arrives at effector cell and is acted upon.

Question 9

What are neurons?

Answer 9

Nerve cells that are able to generate, conduct and respond to an action potential.

Question 10

Where is the nucleus found in a neuron?

Answer 10

In the nerve cell body.

Question 11

What are the 2 different projections that project off a nerve cell body?

Answer 11

Axons.

Dendrites.

Question 12

Are there multiple dendrites and axons that project off a nerve cell body?

Answer 12

There are multiple dendrites that branch off a nerve cell body, but only a single axon.

Question 13

What is the role of the dendrites?

Answer 13

To bring sensory information into the nerve cell body.

Question 14

What happens once sensory information is bought into the nerve cell body via the axons?

Answer 14

It is transmitted to the CNS or to the dendrites of other neurons by the cells axon.

Question 15

Will a nerve cell body have multiple axons?

Answer 15

Yes, often there are hundreds of different axons communicate with a single nerve cell body.

Question 16

How does a stimulus move from 1 neuron to another neuron?

Answer 16

It jumps from 1 neuron to the next in a process is called a synapsis.

Question 17

What is a synapse?

Answer 17

An incoming stimulus that generates a graded potential in the neuron that receives it.

Question 18

When will a synapse be able to initiate synapsis?

Answer 18

If the stimulus is strong enough it triggers an action potential that can then be passed on to another neuron via synapsis.

Question 19

What is always involved between communication between nerve cells?

Answer 19

Ionic flow or electrical currents.

Question 20

What kind of ion channels are always open?

Answer 20

Leak channels.

Question 21

What moves down leak channels?

Answer 21

Ions that are moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Question 22

What kind of channels only open following a stimulus?

Answer 22

Gated ion channels.

E.g. Voltage gated channels or ligand gated channels.

Question 23

What is major extracellular ion?

Answer 23

Sodium.

Question 24

What is major intracellular ion?

Answer 24

Potassium.

Question 25

What maintains the intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium?

Answer 25

The sodium potassium pump.

Question 26

What are the 2 classes of neurotransmitter?

Answer 26

Excitatory. Inhibitory.

Question 27

What is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 27

They cause depolarisation in the cell membrane.

Question 28

What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 28

They hyperpolarise the cell membrane.

Question 29

What happens if excitatory potentials arrive at a neuron?

Answer 29

They reach the threshold and trigger an action potential. This sends a stimulus along the axon and towards the CNS or to another axon.

Question 30

At what point of the axon will the action potential overcome the threshold?

Answer 30

At the axon hillock/trigger zone.

Question 31

What kind of animals will the forebrain be found in?

Answer 31

In more highly evolved species.

Question 32

What is controlled by the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

The autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Question 33

Where do almost all of the cranial nerves enter or exit the brain?

Answer 33

All cranial nerves except for cranial nerves 1 and 2 enter and exit the brain at the brainstem.

Question 34

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 34

12 pairs of cranial nerves. 12 on the left side and 12 on the right.

Question 35

How many cranial nerves enter the brainstem?

Answer 35

10.

Question 36

What is the function of cranial nerve 1?

Answer 36

Smell. It is the olfactory nerve.

Question 37

What is the function of cranial nerve 2?

Answer 37

Sight. It is the optic nerve.

Question 38

What cranial nerves bypass the brainstem

Answer 38

Cranial nerves 1 and 2.

Question 39

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerves 3 and 4 originate from?

Answer 39

The mesencephalon.

Question 40

What is cranial nerve 5?

Answer 40

The trigeminal nerve.

Question 41

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerve 5 originate from?

Answer 41

The pons.

Question 42

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerves 6 to 12 originate from?

Answer 42

The myelencephalon.

Question 43

What are the 3 areas found in the reticular area of the brain?

Answer 43

The reticular activating area. The thalamus. The reticular formation.

Question 44

Where are the thalamus, reticular formation and RAS located in the reticular area of the brain?

Answer 44

The thalamus is dorsal. The reticular formation is ventral. The reticular activating system is in between the 2.

Question 45

What information passes through the RAS and thalamus?

Answer 45

All sensory information.

Question 46

Is the thalamus always active?

Answer 46

Yes.

Question 47

Where does the body filter all incoming sensory information?

Answer 47

In the thalamus.

Question 48

What areas of the brain are said to be the seat of consciousness?

Answer 48

The reticular activating area. The thalamus. The reticular formation.

Question 49

What is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 49

It determines what information enters the brain.

Question 50

What happens to the reticular area of the brain when we are sleeping?

Answer 50

No information will enter the cortex.

Question 51

What is the limbic system?

Answer 51

A belt of interconnected tissues within the forebrain.

Question 52

What is the major area the brain that deals with behaviour, emotions and memory?

Answer 52

The limbic system.

Question 53

What are of the brain is involved in olfaction (smell)?

Answer 53

The limbic system.

Question 54

Why can emotions activate the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 54

As the limbic system is connected to the hypothalamus.

Question 55

What is found within the grey matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 55

The nerve cell bodies/nuclei.

Question 56

What is found within the white matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 56

The myelinated axons.

Question 57

Sensory neurons will arrive at what part of the spinal cord?

Answer 57

At the dorsal horn.

Question 58

Motor neurons are released from what part of the spinal cord?

Answer 58

The ventral horn.

Question 59

What kind of information runs up the spinal cord to the brain?

Answer 59

Sensory information.

Question 60

What kind of information runs down the spinal cord from the brain?

Answer 60

Motor information.

Question 61

Can a spinal nerve carry both sensory and motor fibres?

Answer 61

Yes.

Question 62

Where are the cell bodies for all motor neurons located?

Answer 62

In the ventral grey horn.

Question 63

What is a spinal cord section?

Answer 63

A spinal cord section is defined by the spinal nerve that leaves that area. E.g. Section 10 is the area where spinal nerve 10 leaves the spinal cord.

Question 64

What is a spinal cord tract?

Answer 64

A bundle of axons that have the same function.

Question 65

What are the 3 functional areas of the brain?

Answer 65

Forebrain. Brainstem. Cerebellum.

Question 66

What is released by each functional area of the spinal cord?

Answer 66

A pair of spinal nerves.

Question 67

How many cervical spinal nerves are released in all species?

Answer 67

8 .

Question 68

What spinal nerves exit the spinal cord in the neck region?

Answer 68

Spinal nerves C1-C5.

Question 69

What nerves form the brachial plexus?

Answer 69

Spinal nerves C6 and T1-T2.

Question 70

What is innervated by the brachial plexus?

Answer 70

The forelimb.

Question 71

What name is given to the nerves that exit a plexus?

Answer 71

Peripheral nerves.

Question 72

What nerves will give information to a peripheral nerve?

Answer 72

Multiple spinal nerves.

Question 73

Do spinal nerves T3-L3 form a plexus?

Answer 73

No, they will travel to their destination as spinal nerves.

Question 74

What spinal nerves form the lumbosachral plexus?

Answer 74

Spinal nerves L4-S2.

Question 75

What is innervated by the lumbosachral plexus?

Answer 75

The hindlimb.

Question 76

What does a plexus allow nerves to do?

Answer 76

To exchange information between different nerves.

Question 77

What is a plexus nerve?

Answer 77

A nerve that emerges from a plexus and travels to an effector cell or vice versa.