Pain, injury, disease

Question 1

five freedoms regarding pain

Answer 1

freedom of pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment

Question 2

what would cause an occurrence of pain in domestic animals

Answer 2

-accidental injury
-husbandry practices
-surgical procedures
-disease

Question 3

pain

Answer 3

-an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
-first person
-very subjective

Question 4

nociception

Answer 4

is the neural mechanism that results in pain (third person- can be observed)

Question 5

process of nociception

Answer 5

-same process in animals & humans
-reception (activation of pain receptors A and C nerve fibres)
-transmission (along spinal cord to sensory cortex & to reflexive motor neurons
-perception (within CNS)
-response (acute pain) withdraw, vocalization, orient

Question 6

pain (‘nociception’) causes

Answer 6

thermal, mechanical, chemical, sickness

Question 7

types of pain (‘nociception’)

Answer 7

-deep pain (inbones, joints, tendons)
-visceral pain (soft tissue)
-cutaneous pain (superficial)
-acute or chronic

Question 8

how do you assess pain in humans

Answer 8

self-report

Question 9

how do you assess pain in animals

Answer 9

-measure behaviour:
~acute response: withdrawal, vocalization, and orientation
~chronic response: immobility, posture, and isolation (sickness behaviour)
-measure response to analgesics, anesthetics (give pain killers and see if there’s a change)
-measure physiology- cortisol, prostaglandins
-force plate (weight-bearing, lameness asses)
-grimace scale (very subjective)

Question 10

why do prey especially hide behaviours of being in pain

Answer 10

try not to show it because it makes them more susceptible to pray

Question 11

pain treatment

Answer 11

-anaesthesia/anaesthetics
-analgesia/analgesics
-sedative

Question 12

anaesthesia/anaesthetics

Answer 12

-loss of sensation/feeling
-local: specific area, e.g. lidocaine
-general: induction/excitement/general anesthesia

Question 13

analgesia/analgesics

Answer 13

-loss of pain
-opioids: endorphins (endogeneous morphine-like compounds)
-NSAIDs: analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory effect
-e.g. meloxicam, ketoprofen, asprin

Question 14

sedative pain control

Answer 14

-reduced responsiveness- e.g., ketamine, azaperone (stresnil)

Question 15

painful procedures in livestock

Answer 15

-cattle: dehorning, castration, branding, tail docking
-pigs: castration, teeth-clipping, tail-docking, ear notching
-sheep: castration, tail docking, ear notching
-sheep: castration, tail docking
-poultry: claw trimming/removal, debbing
-deer: antler removal

Question 16

why process cattle

Answer 16

-processing= castration & dehorning
-prices for updressed (green) calves are much less
-animals are safer, easier to handle
-younger animals are easier to process and suffer fewer setbacks
-but entire males grow better

Question 17

what is more painful disbudding or dehorning

Answer 17

dehorning

Question 18

disbudding in calves

Answer 18

-horn buds removed ar 4-8 weeks
-3 methods: electrical or butane iron, caustic paste, or gouging
-pain response (all methods): behavioural changes and elevated cortisol levels for ~4 hours
-gouging has a more rapid cortisol response than electric iron
-local anaesthetic block: recommended for surgical pain, then post op analgesia

Question 19

de horning in cattle

Answer 19

-dehorning of mature animals affects weight gain
-dehorning on entrance to feedlot reduced performance by 300 g/d for first two weeks
-effects on growth was significant over the 106-day feedlot period

Question 20

dehorning in beef cattle code requirements

Answer 20

-competent personnel
-disbud early (2-3 months)
-use of pain control required after horn bud attachment

Question 21

dehorning of beef cattle recommendations

Answer 21

-do not process calves at weaning time
-select/breed for polled trait

Question 22

castration in cattle

Answer 22

-physical (surgical, burdizzo, elastorator, banding)
-chemical and hormonal methods
-younger age is easier for producers and animals
-surgical castration induces higher cortisol response than elastorator or burdizzo

Question 23

castration in beef vs dairy cattle

Answer 23

-beef: use pain control when castrating bulls older than 6 months
-dairy: pain control required at all ages

Question 24

reason for castration in pigs

Answer 24

-main reason is boar taint (unpleasant smell and taste)
-meat form boars can contain elevated levels of skatole and anderostenone
-secondary reason- reduce mounting and aggressive behaviour

Question 25

how are pigs castrated and code requirements

Answer 25

-surgical and immuno chemical -improvement (anti-GnRH vaccine) -surgical_ 2-7 days -young animals recover quicker -code requirements: -local anesthetic and analgesic~ required for pigs over 10 days of age -casturation performed at any age must be done with analgesics

Question 26

beak treatment in hens

Answer 26

-mechanical methods (hot blade): dramatic reductions in eating, preening immediately after trimming when performed at later ages -infrared beak treatment: significant reduction in pain responces

Question 27

lamness

Answer 27

-significant welfare issue -reduced performance in broilers (improved through genetic selection) -major reason for production losses and culling in dairy cattle and cows -reduced welfare due to chronic pain

Question 28

lameness assessment

Answer 28

-subjective and objective measures: -gait scoring: ~subjective measure (observer ranking) ~developed for poultry, pigs, and cattle ~typically a 0-5 scale 0=no sign, 5=cant walk -accelerometers, kinematics, force plate ~objective measurements: device recording

Question 29

automation of lameness assessment

Answer 29

-vision learning -pressure mats

Question 30

lameness and self medication

Answer 30

-lame and non-lame broilers were given feeds with and with out analgesics -lame birds preferred the drug-treated feed -gait scores improved, performance increased -conclusion: -bird pain is present -bird cognition: associated feed with pain=self medication

Question 31

reducing lameness

Answer 31

-can be reduced by: genetic selection, flooring/bedding, exercise and nutrition -is a major welfare issue: focus of much research in poultry, cattle and pigs -e.g. rubber mats, hoof care, pain control

Question 32

euthanasia

Answer 32

-greek: Eu=good + thanathos=death -important in welfare -choose method based on: human safety, animal welfare, practicality, animal age and location -gunshot or captive bolt gun -blunt force trauma (manual or device) -anesthetic overdose (vet oversite) -immediate conformation of death -follow up if needed (e.g. bleeding or pithing)

Question 33

euthanasia oversight

Answer 33

-research and CCAC: euthanasia plan (human intervention point) required for all research protocols -packing plants and AMA audits: ~effective stunning (immediate insensibility and death, zero returns to sensibility) -special circumstances CFIA: e.g. disease outbreaks- mass euthanasia