Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anaesthesia & Analgesia > Pain Scoring > Flashcards

Pain Scoring Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the aim of Pain Scoring Systems?

A

To standardise + improve pain management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 5 Pain Scoring system examples

A
  1. Simple Descriptive Scale (SDS)
  2. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
  3. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
  4. Glasgow Composite pain Scale
  5. Colorado State Pain Scale for Cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the scale options, provided by the Simple Descriptive Scale (SDS)?

A
  1. No
  2. Mild
  3. Moderate
  4. Severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the scale options, provided by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)?

A

0 - 10 rating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the scale options, provided by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)?

A

Mark a place on a 10 cm line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the scale options, provided by the Glasgow Composite pain Scale?

A
  1. Score given out of 24
  2. Or 20, if can’t assess Mobility
  3. Anything above 6 requires analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False.

Palpation of a wound can elicit a heightened painful response during the recovery period.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 5 signs of Dysphoria in Dogs
&
The 5 signs in Cats

A

In Dogs:
1. Agitation
2. Excitement
3. Restlessness
4. Excessive vocalisation
5. Disorientation

In Cats:
1. Agitation
2. Vocalisation
2. Hallucinatory behaviour
2. Open-mouth breahting
3. Pacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Dysphora?

A
  1. A profound state of unease
  2. Due to extreme
  3. Agitation + Anxiety
  4. During the recovery period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False.

Administration of appropriate analgesic drugs alongside good nursing, can help alleviate the effects of pain.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 5 types of nursing techniques that can be used to help alleviate pain in patients

A
  1. Clean, warm, supportive bedding
  2. Use + care of bandages
  3. Comfortable environment
  4. Frequent toileting + eating opportunities
  5. Psychological support (Talking, stroking + reassuring)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 13 Physical indicators of pain in Birds

A
  1. Changes in droppings (Amount, substance)
  2. Breathing difficulties (Bobbing tail up + down)
  3. Distended abdomen
  4. Lameness
  5. Shifting body weight
  6. Fluffing up feathers (For heat)
  7. Tucking head under wing
  8. Dropping wings
  9. Coughing
  10. Sneezing
  11. Squinting
  12. Huddled demeanour
  13. Closed eyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 9 Behavioural indicators of pain in Birds

A
  1. Decreased appetite
  2. Weight loss
  3. Irritability
  4. Lethargy
  5. Weakness
  6. Guarding behaviour
  7. Uncharacteristic behaviour
  8. Feather plucking + picking
  9. Hiding signs of pain for as long as possiblee
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 2 Vocal indicators of pain in Birds

A
  1. Decreased vocalisation (Dependent on individual)
  2. Birds who have the ability to speak - stop saying certain words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List 10 Clinical signs of pain in Dogs

A
  1. Excessive licking
  2. Howling, whimpering or yelping
  3. Decreased appetite
  4. Agression or irritability
  5. Loss of enthusiasm
  6. Reluctance to play, interact + exercise
  7. Limping or stiffness after rest
  8. Increase in displacement
  9. Chewing inedible objects
  10. Scratching a specific area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List 11 Behavioural signs of pain in Dogs

A
  1. Shaking
  2. Flattened ears
  3. Low posture
  4. Praying postition
  5. Frequent blinking
  6. Sudden aggression
  7. Sudden crying out/squealing
  8. Hiding parts of body
  9. Moving away from touch
  10. Compulsive behaviours (fly snapping, jaw snapping, excessive licking of surfaces)
  11. Frequent, rapid tail wagging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Upon Clinical Assessment, list Clinical signs Dogs may show.

A
  1. Licking lips
  2. Flinching
  3. Moving away from touch
  4. Crying or vocally reacting
  5. Panting
  6. Inc HR + RR
  7. Warmth, swelling + redness of an area (Inflammation)
  8. Inc temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the 2 Pain Scales that can be suitably used in Cats

A
  1. Feline Grimace Scale
  2. Glasgow Composite Pain Scale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale good for Cats?

A
  1. Reliable tool to determine the accurate degree of pain Cats present with
  2. Allows for sufficient monitoring of analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the Feline Grimace Pain Scale good for Cats?

A
  • Provides reliable measures for Acute pain in Cats
  • Does not require assessor to touch the Cat
  • Allows for a 30 second observation of 4 degrees of:
    1. Ear position
    2. Orbitial tightening
    3. Muzzle tension
    4. Whisker + head position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List 7 effects of pain in Cats

A
  1. Inc HR + RR
  2. Urine retention
  3. Inc metabolism + O2 requirement
  4. Reduced efficacy of immune system
  5. Inc sensitivity pain
  6. Depression
  7. Reluctance to:
    * Eat
    * Drink
    * Walk
    * Groom themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

16 …

List several further example of pain indicators of Pain in Cats

A
  1. Growling
  2. Hissing when approached or painful area it touched
  3. Urgent sounding meow
  4. Changing in daily activites + habits
  5. Restlessness
  6. Decreased energy
  7. Inability or reluctance to jump onto furniture
  8. Incontinence
  9. Pain when using litter tray
  10. Resent typically enjoyable activities (Playing with toys, humans, other pets, being picked up)
  11. Abnormal posture
  12. Changed facial expression
  13. Legs tucked underneath body
  14. Ears flat
  15. Dilated pupils
  16. Avoiding eye contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do Reptiles show pain?

A

Trick question.

They don’t show pain, they hide it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or False.

Reptiles have the same neurotransmitters as other animals, feeling pain the same as others.

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
List **7** indicators of pain in **Bearded Dragons**
1. **Not** **toileting** 2. Not **basking** 3. Loss of appetite 4. Lethargy 5. **Erratic movements** 6. **Swollen body parts** 7. **Awkward posture**
26
True or false. Like all vertebrates, **Geckos posses a complex network of nerves** that **allow** them to **percieve + respond** to **external stimuli**.
True.
27
List **7** indicators of pain in **Geckos**
1. Change in behaviour 2. Agitated + **Withdrawn** 3. **Hiding or avoiding contact with other Geckos** or humans 4. Aggression (**Hissing**, biting or **lunging**) 5. Decrease in appetite 6. **Unusual movements + posture**
28
List **7** indicators of pain in **Tortoises**
1. Stop eating 2. Lethargy 3. Depression 4. Underweight 5. **Sunken eyes** 6. **Skin if often dry + powdery on the surface** 7. **Smelly oral discharge**
29
List **7** indicators of pain in **Snakes**
1. Inappetence 2. Hiding 3. Lethargic 4. **Sudden movements** 5. **Flattening out** 6. **Trouble sloughing** 7. **Self mutilation**
30
True or False. There is a large amount of data that is gathered on dosages, frequency + side effects of pain relief in Reptiles and the Cascade system is used to administer pain relief to them.
True and False. * There is **very little data gathered** on Reptiles for dosages, frequency and side effects for pain relief. * However * The **Cascade system is used** to administer pain relief to Reptiles.
31
Name the **3 groups** of **Analgesics** used to administer pain relief to **Reptiles**
1. **Opioids** 2. NSAIDs 3. Local Anaesthetics
32
What is **Meloxicam** used for in **Reptiles**?
NSAID, to **reduce inflammation** + provide **pain relief**
33
How is **Meloxicam** administered to Reptiles?
**Orally** + **IV**
34
What are **Opioids** used for in **Reptiles**?
Provide pain relief
35
What is the most common **Opioid** used for in **Reptiles**?
Tramadol
36
What **Opioid** has proved to be promising in studies, with **Snakes** + **Lizards**?
**Fentanyl** patches
37
What is proven to be the **most effective form** of **pain relief** in Reptiles?
Local Anaesthesia
38
What is the **most common class** of **Analgesia** that is given **during surgery**, in **Reptiles**?
Local Anaesthesia
39
Why is it important to establish the **normal behavioural** indicators in prey species?
So we can define what pain indicators are, due to their prey-like-species-tendencies of hiding pain
40
List 12 potential indicators of pain in **Guinea Pigs**
1. Quiet 2. **Bruxism** 3. **Hunched posture** 4. **Tense + stiff** 5. **Arched back = Gut pain** 6. Flinching 7. Reluctance to be touched 8. **Self-trauma** 9. Reluctance to move 10. Inappetence 11. **Drinking less** 12. Reluctance to groom self
41
List **5 subtle** signs of pain in **Rabbits**
1. Less active 2. **Reduced** grooming 3. **Altered pattern of grooming** 4. **Grinding** teeth 5. **Irregular caecotrophy** 6. Unrelaxed posture
42
List **4 Obvious** signs of pain in **Rabbits**
1. **Lack of co-ordination** 2. **Head tilt** 3. Over-grooming or irritated areas 4. **Displaying aggression towards O** or other **companion** rabbits
43
List **8** signs of pain in **Rats** + **Mice**
1. **Arching back** 2. **Ataxia** 3. **Ungroomed appearance** 4. Licking 5. **Scratching** 6. Decreased appetite 7. Aggression when handling 8. Vocalisation - **squeaking + screeching**
44
What is this example of in Cats?
Pain!
45
True or False. Cats that may hang their head when they walk are not considered to be in pain.
False. **Cats that hang their head when walking**, **is** an **indication** of **pain**
46
What is this an example of?
Facial indicators of pain, seen on the infamous Feline Grimace Scale!
47
Which of these 3 cats is considered to be in the most pain, based on these facial indicators? A) 1st picture (Brown + white Tabby) B) 2nd picture (Orange + white Tabby) C) 3rd picture (Brown + black Tabby) *(left > right)*
C) 3rd picture (Brown + black Tabby)
48
True or False. More frequent meows can be indication of pain in Cats.
True
49
Can **changes of pitch** in meows in Cats, be an indication of pain?
Yes
50
Can a Cat still **purr**, if it is in pain?
* **Yes** * Because **purring is known to have potential healing properties** * That **comforts or soothes** Cats * **When** they **feel** the most **vulnerable**
51
What is this an example of?
Colorado State Pain Sale for Felines
52
Explain the **2** main reasons for the **development** of ‘**pathological** pain’
1. **Inflammation** occurring at the **site of tissue damage** leads to **increases** in **noxious transmission** 2. **Functional alterations** **in** the **spinal cord** can **amplify** the **noxious stimuli** or **mis-interpret** non-noxious stimuli
53
List the **4 steps** involved in **Nociception**
1. **Transduction** 2. Transmission 3. **Modulation** 4. Perception
54
Which **types** of **pain fibres** are responsible for; A) **Rapid withdrawl** from a noxious stimulus B) **Dull**, **throbbing** pain
A) Rapid withdrawl from a noxious stimulus = **Aδ** fibres B) Dull, throbbing pain = **C** fibres
55
Briefly explain **Peripheral sensitisation**
1. **Sufficent tissue damage** will **expose** the **Nociceptors** **to** a **range of agents** 2. **Released** by the **damaged cells** 3. Inflammatory mediators (**Prostaglandins**) **sensitise** the **nerve endings** to **other** **inflammatory mediators** to **noxious stimuli** 4. **Reducing** the **firing threshold** 5. At the **same time** 6. Prostaglandins **on the active nociceptors** are responsible for **recruiting silent** or **'sleeping' Nociceptors** **around** the **periphery** of **damaged tissue** 7. **Increase** the **area over** which **noxious input** is **percieved**
56
Briefly explain **Wind-up**
1. **Repeated activation** of **nociceptive** ***afferent*** **nerves** 1. **Synaptic transmission** **at** the level of the **dorsal horn** cells is **enhanced** 2. And this phenomenon known as ‘wind-up’
57
Briefly explain **Central Sensitisation**
1. **Plasticity** *(**ability to change its activity** in reponse to intrinsic + extrinsic stimuli, by regorganizing its structure, function or connections)* **occurs** in the **CNS** 2. In response to **ongoing nociceptive transmission** 3. Ultimately **resulting** in an **increased perception** of the **noxious stimulus** 4. Referred to as Central Sensitisation
58
Briefly explain **Hyperalgesia**
1. **Previously noxious stimuli** 2. Is **perceived** as being **more noxious** 3. Due to **nociceptors firing at higher frequencies** 4. Requiring **lower levels** of **stimulation**
59
Briefly explain **Allodynia**
1. **Stimuli** which were **previously** **non**-**noxious** (e.g. gentle touch) 2. Is **now** be **perceived** as **noxious**
60
Describe **3 detrimental effects** of **failure** to provide **adequate analgesia** to a patient under **General Anaesthesia**
1. **Result** in **increased bombardment** of **CNS** **by noxious stimuli** + likely to **induce significant enhancement** of **Central Sensitisation** 2. A **major consequence** is that **pain will then be more intense** + more **difficult to control** once the patient **recovers** 3. The **sympathetic response** **to noxious stimulation** will be **greater during surgery + under GA**, where analgesia has not been provided, resulting in potential **detrimental side effects** such as **Tachycardia** and **Cardiac arrhythmias**
61
What is multimodal analgesia? & What additional benefit, apart from improved analgesia, does it have for the patient?
1. The **combination of drugs from different analgesic classes** — with each **acting at different areas of** the **nociceptive pathways** — improved analgesia is **likely to be achieved** 2. In addition, due to **synergistic analgesic effects** **between different drug groups**, there is the **potential** to **reduce side effects since lower doses** (of ***opioid*** drugs, in particular) are **likely** to be **required**
62

Anaesthesia & Analgesia (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions