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Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

What about the Upper Airway Anatomy of Exotics makes anaesthesia difficult?

A
  1. Majority are obligate nasal breathers, so they are at higher risk of Respiratory Arrest - if their nares become blocked
  2. Some soft palates are permanently locked to the epiglottis
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2
Q

Why are the majority of Exotics are at greater risk of Hypothermia?

A

Their greater surface to area ratio

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3
Q

What 2 classes of Exotics are more prone to dangerous Respiratory Infections, due to their pre-existing low-grade Respiratory infections?

A
  1. Rodents
  2. Lagomorphs
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4
Q

If a patient has a Respiratory Infection, what about their secretions will make breathing more difficult?

A

Respiratory infections will cause thicker secretions, increasing the risk of blockages to occur + lead to Respiratory Arrest or Aspiration

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5
Q

5 steps…

How does dehydration cause problems for exotic anaesthetics?

A
  1. Dehydration shrinks blood volume:
    * Hypovolaemia = less blood O2 + drug delivery to tissues >
    * More vulnerable to Low BP (Hypotension)
  2. Impairs drug metabolism + clearance:
    * Anaesthetic drugs are metabolised + excreted by the Liver + Kidneys
    * So dehydrated px have reduced perfusion to organs >
    * Prolonged recovery + drug accumulation
    * Causing deeper or longer anaesthesia
  3. Increased risk of Hypothermia:
    * Can’t regulate temp well
    * Anaesthesia decreases temp more >
    * Decreasing temp faster >
    * Slowing down metabolism + recovery
  4. Poor tissue oxygenation:
    * Low blood volume + anaesethesia = less O2 delivery to vital organs >
    * More prone to organ damage (Kidneys, Heart, Brain)
  5. Fragile BP:
    * Exotics have small circulating blood volumes + very fine control of BP >
    * So little dehydration = sudden Cardiovascular collapse
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6
Q

True or False.

Exotics are more affected by drying anaesthetic gases/inhalation agents than non-exotics.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False.

Technically, accurate weighing of Exotic patients can have a greater drastic effects with medications, than non-exotics.

A

True!
A minor mistake = drastic effect.

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8
Q

When weighing Exotic patients, when setting up accurate the scales, what should you set it to?

A

Grams (g)

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9
Q

What should you do to Exotic patient’s venepuncture sites prior to sampling?

A

Warm them up!

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10
Q

If an Exotic patient is very sick or geriatric - generally - where should you be taking blood sampling, for testing?

A

Sites that are avaliable to take adequate volume of samples

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11
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Rabbit?

A

25 - 27 G

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12
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Ferret?

A

23 - 25 G

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13
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Gerbils?

A

25 - 27 G

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14
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Rats + Mice?

A

25 - 27 G

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15
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Guinea Pigs?

A

23 - 25 G

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16
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Ferrets + Guinea Pigs?

17
Q

What size needle gauge should you use for a Rabbits, Rats, Mice + Gerbils?

18
Q

What method should you use to take blood from Guinea Pigs?

A

Edge of table method

19
Q

What method should you use to take blood from Ferrets?

A

Towel restraint

20
Q

What is the most common venepuncture site to take a blood sample for in a Rabbit?

A

Lateral Cephalic Ear

21
Q

What is the most common venepuncture site to take a blood sample for in a Rat + Mouse?

A

Lateral tail

22
Q

What is the most common venepuncture site to take a blood sample for in a Ferret?

23
Q

What is the most common venepuncture site to take a blood sample for in a Gerbil?

A

Lateral tail

24
Q

What is the most common venepuncture site to take a blood sample for in a Guinea Pig?

A
  1. Jugular
    OR
  2. Saphenous
25
What does tight **cardiac sphincters** mean for **Exotic** fasting speices?
They cannot vomit/regurgitate, so they don't require fasting!
26
What can **starvation** lead to in the** high-metabolic states** of Exotics?
**Hypoglycaemic** state
27
What 2 drugs can help **reduce** Stress, thus reducing **Hypoxia**?
1. **Tranquilisers** 2. Sedatives
28
What is the **Rabbits**' + **Guinea Pig's** most worrying complication they **present with during Induction** + the administration of Pre-medicants?
Breath holding/Apnoea
29
# 5 ... Why do **Rabbits** + **Guinea Pigs** have breath-holding tendancies?
1. **Sensistive Respiratory systems** * Giving *sedatives* or *anaesethetics* * Inc Opioids, Alpha-2-Agonists + Inhalants * *Depress* the *respiratory system* 2. **Accumulate muscus very easily** * Due to their *small airways* * Making them *prone* to *airway obstruction* 3. **Stress** * *Handling* or *pre-meds* cause Catecholamine surges (*Adrenaline bursts*) * Further *destabilising* the *heart + lungs* more 4. **Hypersalivating** * Effects of pre-meds + salivation 5. **Rabbit's sensitive layrnx** * Leading to Layrngopasm
30
What is the **shock factor** in Rabbits + Guinea Pigs during the pre-op stage/Induction?
**Spasming** of **Pulmonary circulation** > risk of **Hypoxia**
31
What drug should not be given to **Gerbils**, due to their **genetic pre-disposition to epilepsy**?
* **Acepromazine** * As it causes seizures
32
True or False. **Atropine** **reduces** high **secretion** levels + **prevents** excessive **bradycardia** in ***Guinea Pigs***.
True
33
True or False. **Atropine** **reduces** high **secretion** levels + **prevents** excessive **bradycardia** in ***Rabbits***.
False. Rabbits **don't have the enzyme** that **breaks down Atropine**, so its not useful.
34
True or False. **Acepromazine** it suitable for Gerbils, but not Rats, Mice, Rabbits or Guinea Pigs.
False. True or False. **Acepromazine** it **NOT suitable** for **Gerbils** due to their genetic predispostion to epilepsy, but is **useful** in ***Rats***, ***Mice***, ***Rabbits*** or ***Guinea Pigs***.
35
Can **Diazepam** be used in most Rodents?
Yes
36
Is **Diazepam** **painful** via **IM** for Exotics, in particular Rabbits?
Yes
37

Anaesthesia & Analgesia (30 decks)

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