Pain, Temp, and Sleep

Question 1

What makes perception of pain (Nociception) unique?

Answer 1

Tolerance is different for everyone:

Cannot be defined/measured by observer

Question 2

What are the nerve endings that receive pain stimulus called?

Answer 2

Nociceptors

Question 3

What are the three systems of perception of pain?

• Explain them

Answer 3

1) Sensory

The neural pathways

2) Motivational/affective

Behaviors and emotions to pain

3) Cognitive

Learned behaviors to pain

Question 4

What is a pain threshold?

What is Pain tolerance?

Answer 4

• Threshold= Lowest amount of pain that you perceive as painful
• Tolerance= Highest amount of pain you can endure.

Question 5

If you are repeatedly exposed to same pain stimulus, does pain tolerance increase or decrease?

Answer 5

Decrease (anticipation)

Question 6

What are endogenous opiods?

Answer 6

Morphine-like neuropeptide that binds to opiod receptor to inhibit pain

Question 7

Enkephalins

What are they?

What is the most common version?

Answer 7

• Prevalent natural opiods produced by brain.
• Endorphins

Question 8

• What is acute pain?
• How long does acute pain last?

Answer 8

• Pain caused by direct stimulus
• Lasts up to 3 months.

Question 9

What are these types of acute pain:

Somatic:

Visceral:

Answer 9

Somatic: From skin, joints, and muscles (usually localized)

Visceral:From internal organs

Question 10

What is referred pain?

When is it often present?

Answer 10

Pain from one area that originates from another

Often occurs with visceral pain

Question 11

What is chronic pain?

What additional effects can be caused?

Answer 11

Persistent/intermittent pain that lasts >3 months or indefinitely.

Behavior/psychological problems

Question 12

What is neuropathic pain?

What are the common characteristics

Answer 12

Chronic pain in which nerve endings are damaged

Burning/tingling

Question 13

Who is neuropathic pain common in?

Answer 13

Diabetics (neuropathic damage)

Amputees (phantom limb)

Question 14

Factors that affect temp:

Answer 14

• Gender
• Circadian rhythm
• Environment
• Activity

Question 15

• What controls body temperature?

What body mechanisms aid in heat production/conservation?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

• Metabolism
• Muscle contraction
• Vasoconstriction
• Shivering

Question 16

What are some actions that are employed for heat loss?

Answer 16

Increased respirations

Vasodilation

Question 17

How is temperature regulation abnormal for:

Infants

Elderly

Answer 17

Infants= Produce enough heat; can’t conserve

• Thin subcutaneous tissue

Elderly= Slow blood circulation/vasoconstriction

Decreased sweating/shivering

Question 18

What is a fever (technically)?

Answer 18

Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat

Question 19

What are these things that cause fever:

• Central fever
• Fever of unknown origin

Answer 19

Cental fever: Fever related to head injury (not pathogen)

• Can’t be controlled

FUO: Fever for longer than 3 weeks (unknown why)

• Can be controlled

Question 20

What are these things that cause fever:

Endogenous pyrogens :

Exogenous pyrogens:

Answer 20

Endogenous pyrogens: Released from phagocytic cells (interleukins)

Exogenous pyrogens: Endotoxins from pathogens

Question 21

What are heat cramps caused by:

What is heat exhaustion:

Answer 21

Cramps: Loss of sodium when sweating

Exhaustion; Profused sweating that decreases blood pressure/increases heart rate

Question 22

What is a heat stroke:

Answer 22

Lethal result when body temperature raises beyond 104 degrees

• Cardiovascular/brain function ceases

Question 23

Heatstroke symptoms:

Exhaustion symptoms:

Answer 23

Sweating stops, anxiety, delirium

Exhaustion: Dizziness, weakness, nausea

Question 24

What is malignant hyperthermia:

Answer 24

Inherited muscular disorder triggered by anesthesia.

Causes muscle contraction

Question 25

What is hypothermia: What is tissue hypothermia:

Answer 25

Ice crystals form in cells, causing rupture and death Tissue: Slowed metabolism/blood through blood coagulation and vasocontriction

Question 26

What is therapeautic hypothermia: What is accidental hypothermia:

Answer 26

Purposefully slowed metabolism to preserve ischemic tissue (limb reimplanation) Accidental: Sudden/prolonged exposure to cold

Question 27

What are the two phases of sleep? What controls it?

Answer 27

Body cycles between REM sleep and NREM. Controlled by hypothalamus that releases **orexins**

Question 28

How often does REM occur?

Answer 28

Every 90 minutes after 1-2 hours of sleep

Question 29

What is insomnia? Difference in **transient** and **chronic**?

Answer 29

Inability to fall/stay asleep Transient: lasts days to months Chronic: Drug/alcohol abuse/environmental

Question 30

What is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)? Risk factors?

Answer 30

Total/partal airway collapse in sleep: Caused by: Obesity, older age, men

Question 31

Why does Sleep apnea cause hypersomnia?

Answer 31

Do not get uninterrupted sleep, so remain tired

Question 32

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 32

Primary hypersomnia caused by hypothalamus injury that alters sleep patternn.

Question 33

Alterations in circadian rhythm cause: Short term: Long term:

Answer 33

Short term: Cognitive deficit/difficult concentration Long term: Depression, anxiety, increased heart disease

Question 34

What are parasomnias? What are examples?

Answer 34

Unusual behavior during NREM stage of sleep Sleep walking Night terrors Restless leg syndrome

Question 35

What is restless leg syndrome?

Answer 35

Unpleasant sensations in legs that make person move legs periodically.

Question 36

What are cataracts: What is glaucoma?

Answer 36

Cataracts: Protein buildup in lens that causes cloudy buildup Glaucoma: Buildup of aqueous fluid in eye that causes **pressure**.

Question 37

What is presbyopia? What is presbycusis?

Answer 37

Presbyopia:Normal process of aging that causes loss of alasticity of lens (far sightedness) Presbycusis: Normal process of hearing loss.

Question 38

What is hyposmia: Anosmia:

Answer 38

Hyposmia: Impaired sense of smell Anosmia: Complete loss of smell