pain (The Physiology and Characteristics of Pain)

Question 1

examples of nocicptive pain?

Answer 1

somatic, visceral, cutneous

Question 2

somatic pain is?

Answer 2

pain originating from skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Question 3

what is visceral pain?

Answer 3

pain that comes from internal organs and can be REFERRED

Question 4

what is an example of referred pain?

Answer 4

gallbladder pain felt in shoulder

Question 5

cutaneous pain be combined with?

Answer 5

somatic pain

Question 6

examples of somatic pain?

Answer 6

broken bone, sprained ankle, muscle strain

Question 7

visceral pain examples?

Answer 7

appendicitis, bowel obstruction, heart attack, kidney stone pain

Question 8

what is referred pain?

Answer 8

pain that is felt in a location different fro the source of the pain

Question 9

how to describe visceral pain?

Answer 9

poorly localized, dull, and deep

Question 10

how to describe somatic pain>

Answer 10

more localized and invovles muscles, bones, or joints

Question 11

how to describe cutaeous pain?

Answer 11

sharp and well defined

Question 12

FLACC scale is used used for?

Answer 12

infants and nonverbal adults

Question 13

CRIES scale is for ?

Answer 13

neonates

Question 14

what does biopsychosocial model mean?

Answer 14

includes biological (actual pain) psychological (mental and emotional), and social components (environmental/cultural)

Question 15

examples of biopsychosocial model?

Answer 15

-inflammation, brain function, financial stress, cultural beliefs

Question 16

what is pain threshold?

Answer 16

the LEAST amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation of pain

Question 17

what is pain tolerance?

Answer 17

MAX amount of pain stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking relief

Question 18

what is mechanical stimuli example?

Answer 18

slamming hand on door

Question 19

what are nocicpceptors?

Answer 19

pain receptors

Question 20

pain med. (ex. aspirin) work best in what phase of pain pathway?

Answer 20

transduction

Question 21

modulation function?

Answer 21

body helps relive pain (endogenous opioids)

Question 22

example of endogenous opioids?

Answer 22

serotonin, noepinephrine

Question 23

transmission best way to treat?

Answer 23

opioids work best in this stage

Question 24

what is nocicptive pain?

Answer 24

pain that comes from damage to or inflammation of tissue

Question 25

what type of medication also helps with neuropathic pain

Answer 25

adjuvant medications: antidepressants, antispasmodic, corticosteroids -takes weeks to work

Question 26

what are the 4 steps of nerve pathway for pain?

Answer 26

transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation

Question 27

what occurs in transduction?

Answer 27

when body detects damage (by nociceptors)

Question 28

what actives pain?

Answer 28

bradykinin and prostaglandins, histamine, substance P

Question 29

what occurs in transmission?

Answer 29

pain signal travels from injury since to brain

Question 30

what occurs in perception?

Answer 30

brain recognizes pain

Question 31

what occurs in modulation?

Answer 31

brain adjusts the pain -sends endorphins and serotonin to reduce pain

Question 32

where does modulation occur?

Answer 32

spinal cord

Question 33

examples of non-opioid analgesics?

Answer 33

-NSAIDS (ex. ibuprofen) and acetaminophen (tyleol)

Question 34

example of opioid analgesics?

Answer 34

morphine sulfate, fentanyl, codiene

Question 35

diazepam and lorazepam are examples of?

Answer 35

anti-anxiety medications used also for pain

Question 36

what is the NVPS?

Answer 36

Nonverbal pain scale

Question 37

when do we use the NVPS ?

Answer 37

for pt that can not talk (due to intubation), sedation, or aphasia -observes behaviors

Question 38

a score of 2 in FLACC means?

Answer 38

crying steadily, screaming/sobbing, or repeated verbal outbursts

Question 39

NRS (numeric rating scale) is for what age and up?

Answer 39

8 and up

Question 40

What is the target group for Wong-baker FACES pain scale?

Answer 40

greater than 3 and older (or equal), non-english speakers,

Question 41

target group for FLACC scale?

Answer 41

2 months to 7 years or nonverbal/cognitively impaired clients

Question 42

CRIES scale is for?

Answer 42

less than 38 weeks

Question 43

what is the pain scale for FLACC?

Answer 43

consolability is scored 0-2, (total score between 0-10

Question 44

what is SBIRT?

Answer 44

Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral to Treatment -used to identify and manage substance disorders

Question 45

what is used in pain management for neonates?

Answer 45

sucrose combined with non-nutritive sucking

Question 46

What are possible adverse effects of corticosteroids used as adjuvant analgesics?

Answer 46

hyperglycemia, fluid retention, immune suppression, weight gain

Question 47

what are some strategies specific to relieving chronic pain?

Answer 47

--administering long acting/controlled released analgesics -administering analgesics around the clock instead of PRN

Question 48

Idopatheitc pain is?

Answer 48

-form of chronic pain or noncancer pain without known cause