Paleobiology

Question 1

Paleontology / Paleobiology definition

Answer 1

study of ancient life

science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods- represented by their fossils

Question 2

Geology

Answer 2

geo- earth, logia/logos- study of

the study of Earth

Question 3

studies earth material- minerals and rocks

processes operating within and on earth

Answer 3

physical geology

Question 4

examines origin and solution of earths continents, atmosphere, oceans, and life

Answer 4

historical geology

Question 5

system

Answer 5

combination of related parts that interact

biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere

Question 6

determined that what are now mountains used to be the sea by the fact that mountain rocks contained shells

Answer 6

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

Question 7

demonstrated that fossils represent remains of ancient animals

Answer 7

Niels Stenson / Nicholas Steno (1638 - 1686)

shark teeth

Question 8

previously called tongue stone

Answer 8

glossopetrae (sharks teeth)

Question 9

recognized that fossil record showed species appearances and extinctions

Answer 9

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Question 10

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Answer 10

Father of vertebrate palaeontology and catastrophism

Question 11

catastrophism

Answer 11

history of earth can be explained by sudden catastrophic events

Question 12

uniformitarianism

Answer 12

the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past

Question 13

fossil

Answer 13

the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock

Question 14

Why fossils are important

Answer 14

simple fascination
paleogeography
paleoecology
evolution
biostratigraphy
economics

Question 15

compression

Answer 15

still contains parts of original organism

Question 16

where can fossils be found

Answer 16

sediment, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, concretions/nodules

Question 17

led to continental drift theories

Answer 17

paleogeography

Question 18

paleogeography

Answer 18

environmental and physical restrictions to organism distribution

Question 19

why fossils are important for evolution

Answer 19

fossils are the only direct record of the history of life

Question 20

use of fossils in deducing succession and age relations, and dating sediments

Answer 20

biostratigraphy

Question 21

index fossils must be

Answer 21

easily recognizable 
short stratigraphic range
easily preserved (hard parts)
worldwide/cosmopolitan distribution
rapidly evolving
abundant

Question 22

an index fossil with a shorter stratigraphic range

Answer 22

gives more precise dating

Question 23

economic fossils

Answer 23

chalk deposits
ammonites for building structure
dolomite mountains
fossil fuels ( coal, oil, gas)

Question 24

rudist

Answer 24

cretaceous reefs with high porosity and permeability, important for reservoirs and caps

Question 25

process of fossilization | study of preservation

Answer 25

taphonomy

Question 26

types of preservation

Answer 26

body fossils molds and cast ichnofossils

Question 27

types of body fossils

Answer 27

unaltered remains | altered remains

Question 28

unaltered remains happen

Answer 28

in unique environments where mechanical processes do not break down organisms

Question 29

methods in which fossil organism may retain colour

Answer 29

freezing

Question 30

types of unaltered remains preservation

Answer 30

Freezing Drying/ desiccation Amber/ tar/ wax/ asphalt

Question 31

oldest fossil you could find from freezing

Answer 31

Quaternary

Question 32

original materials for fossilization

Answer 32

CaCO3, Si, Apetite (calcium phosphate; teeth), chiton, cellulose, resistant organic substances (pollenin)

Question 33

average ocean salinity

Answer 33

35ppt

Question 34

photic zone

Answer 34

up to ~200m

Question 35

freshwater salinity

Answer 35

<0.5ppt

Question 36

brackish water salinity

Answer 36

5-30ppt

Question 37

frozen fossils have

Answer 37

everything preserved - even internal organs

Question 38

shore zone between high and low tide

Answer 38

littoral zone

Question 39

below tide to edge of continental shelf, most diverse zone due to high nutrients and light

Answer 39

sublittoral zone

Question 40

drifters, passive floaters

Answer 40

plankton

Question 41

active swimmers

Answer 41

nekton

Question 42

from continental shelf to abyssal plains

Answer 42

bathyal zone

Question 43

benthic organisms on hard substrate

Answer 43

Epifaunal

Question 44

benthic organisms on/in soft substrate

Answer 44

Infaunal (burrowing)

Question 45

extract nutrients from sediment

Answer 45

deposit feeders

Question 46

mobile marine organisms

Answer 46

vagile

Question 47

immobile marine organisms

Answer 47

sessile

Question 48

primary producers

Answer 48

cyanobacteria, algae

Question 49

herbivores

Answer 49

gastropods

Question 50

deposit feeders

Answer 50

gastropods, bivalves

Question 51

suspension feeders

Answer 51

bivalves, crinoid

Question 52

Amber fossils are mostly

Answer 52

insects from tertiary from baltic region

Question 53

types of altered body fossils

Answer 53

permineralization recrystallization replacement carbonization

Question 54

another name for permineralization

Answer 54

petrification

Question 55

permineralization

Answer 55

porous material fills with groundwater original material not involved heavier than original material

Question 56

most common permineralization

Answer 56

wood | Si fills pores

Question 57

recrystallization

Answer 57

hard parts revert to more stable minerals or larger crystals

Question 58

example of recrystallization

Answer 58

aragonite---- calcite

Question 59

in dissolution and replacement, hard parts are replaced by

Answer 59

calcite, silica, pyrite, iron

Question 60

pyritization occurs in

Answer 60

anoxic environments

Question 61

example of dissolution and replacement

Answer 61

ammonite turns from iridescent/ mother or pearl -- pyrite

Question 62

another name for carbonization

Answer 62

coalification

Question 63

carbonization

Answer 63

only carbon remains, all other elements are removed, makes fossil appear black, organisms outline remains well preserved

Question 64

common carbonization

Answer 64

organic rich shales, sandstones | plants (ferns), graptolites, fish

Question 65

external / internal cavity

Answer 65

mould

Question 66

filled in mould

Answer 66

cast

Question 67

compression

Answer 67

2D shallow external molds that often display plant structures. retain original/chemically unaltered organic materials

Question 68

impression

Answer 68

2D, no organic material, found in fine-grained sediment like clay or silt, commonly trace fossils, give insight into biological activity of organisms

Question 69

tell more about organism behaviour than about the organism

Answer 69

trace fossils

Question 70

types of trace fossils

Answer 70

``` tracks trails exogenic /endogenic trace fossil coprolite gastrolite ```

Question 71

study of trace fossils

Answer 71

ichnology

Question 72

vertebrate trace fossils

Answer 72

tracks

Question 73

invertebrate trace fossils

Answer 73

trails

Question 74

exogenic trace fossils

Answer 74

made on the surface of sediment (tracks)

Question 75

endogenic trace fossils

Answer 75

made within the sediment (burrows)

Question 76

fossilized poop

Answer 76

coprolite

Question 77

fossilized digestive stones + stomach contents

Answer 77

gastrolites

Question 78

only really distinct coprolite

Answer 78

sharks - swirly

Question 79

coprolites & gastrolites tell

Answer 79

about diet not much else

Question 80

set of trace fossils associated with a particular set of environmental conditions

Answer 80

ichnofacies

Question 81

common / important ichnofacies

Answer 81

nereites, zoophycos, cruziana, skolithos, glossifungites, trypanites, teredolites

Question 82

Nereites

Answer 82

deep marine ichnofacies | spiral, flower, sinuous, honeycomb

Question 83

zoophycos

Answer 83

outer shelf - slope, low E muds, organic rich, | 3D feeding trace (burrow, tube)

Question 84

cruziana

Answer 84

shallow marine shelf- upper slope | unidirectional, continuous, crawling trace

Question 85

skolithos

Answer 85

``` shallow, near shore vertical burrows (dwellings) ```

Question 86

Glossifungites

Answer 86

in firm - not lithified- sediment (mud, silt), marine intertidal and shallow plant root penetration, borings, burrows

Question 87

Teredolites

Answer 87

borings in wood by bivalves

Question 88

grazing traces are

Answer 88

very sinuous

Question 89

resting fossil is

Answer 89

a depression in substrate

Question 90

Trypanites

Answer 90

in hard substrate | predators (worms, bivalves, gastropods, barnacles) bore holes in corral, rock, shells

Question 91

trace fossils characterized by behaviour

Answer 91

resting, dwelling, escape traces, moving, grazing, deposit feeding

Question 92

pseudofossils

Answer 92

dendrites concretion / nodules solutioning

Question 93

chemical / molecular fossils

Answer 93

chlorophyll, lipids molecule characteristic of cyanobacteria found before earth was oxygenated steranes evidence of eukaryotic life up to 1 billion years before they enter fossil records

Question 94

dendrites

Answer 94

manganese, iron, tree like branching

Question 95

how would bones be preserved

Answer 95

likely permineralization (porous)

Question 96

how would teeth be preserved

Answer 96

likely recrystallization (solid)

Question 97

preservation dependent on decay and mineralization

Answer 97

decay vs. mineralization, both must be minimum for soft parts to be conserved mineralized muscle--- tissue--- chitin--- cellulose--- shells

Question 98

steps of taphonomy

Answer 98

necrolysis biostratinomy diagenesis

Question 99

necrolysis

Answer 99

decay and decomp., from death to right before break up

Question 100

biostratinomy

Answer 100

mechanical processes, before burial

Question 101

diagenesis

Answer 101

mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological changes after burial

Question 102

biocenosis

Answer 102

life assemblage, interacting organisms in a habitat

Question 103

thanatocenosis

Answer 103

assemblage of organisms brought together after death

Question 104

taphonomic filter

Answer 104

more and more information is lost with every step, some organisms are lost throughout filter

Question 105

most resiliant bones

Answer 105

lower jaw, skull

Question 106

physical diagenesis

Answer 106

compaction, deformation

Question 107

chemical diagenesis

Answer 107

dissolution, recrystallization, replacement

Question 108

biological diagenesis

Answer 108

bacterial decomposition (early stages)

Question 109

how settling of bivalves can tell about environment

Answer 109

if they land concave up and stay that way it must have been a low energy environment

Question 110

elongate minerals/fossils settle in what direction

Answer 110

parallel to shore

Question 111

important for determining compaction/deformation

Answer 111

cleavage- to not mistake as elongate fossils

Question 112

missing from fossil record

Answer 112

``` organisms without hard parts organisms from unpreserved environments organisms rare or geographically restricted habitat info behaviour living morphology ```

Question 113

how organisms with hard parts can be lost from record

Answer 113

if soft parts are all that distinguishes them from organisms with similar hard parts

Question 114

lost habitat info

Answer 114

ex. elephant bones found in a lake- they don't live there!

Question 115

unpreserved environments

Answer 115

high latitudes (erosional environments)

Question 116

communities lost from fossil record

Answer 116

only the biggest, strongest organisms are likely to survive, rare for young

Question 117

material changed/moved due to erosion/reposition of sediment

Answer 117

reworking

Question 118

reworking occurs by

Answer 118

lateral transport storm/currents bioturbation

Question 119

examples of reworking

Answer 119

taxa ABC are eroded together- appear to have lived at same time but did not 2 halves of bivalve end up on different ends of beach kelp beds end up on beach sedimentation rate is so low that taxa ABC are deposited basically together

Question 120

when a taxa disappears and then reappears although it never died

Answer 120

Lazarus taxa

Question 121

lazarus taxa occurs due to

Answer 121

preservation issues environmental changes species endangerment

Question 122

zombie effect

Answer 122

taxa 'reappears' after it has become extinct due to reworking

Question 123

example of zombie effect

Answer 123

if an ammonite fossil surfaced now, but was reburied, and then resurfaced in the future

Question 124

Elvis taxa

Answer 124

impersonating, morphologically similar organism to those before

Question 125

Important for determining zombie effect

Answer 125

heat/colour alteration- sequence of colour change is irreversible, determines true age

Question 126

how complete is the fossil record

Answer 126

>97% is not preserved

Question 127

preservation favours which environment

Answer 127

marine (and some aquatic)

Question 128

'motherload' of fossils

Answer 128

Lagerstratten

Question 129

two types of Lagerstratten

Answer 129

Konzentrat | Konservat

Question 130

Concentration deposits

Answer 130

Konzentrat concentrated but not best preservation large number of fossils, low preservation of minute details

Question 131

types of Konservat

Answer 131

Stagnation deposits Obrution deposits Conservation traps

Question 132

Konservat deposits

Answer 132

best type of preservation, fine minute details are preserved

Question 133

Stagnation deposits

Answer 133

stagnant water supersaline lagoonal limits bacterial degredation ('pickled')

Question 134

Conservation trap

Answer 134

Amber tar pits low decomposition

Question 135

Obrution deposits

Answer 135

Organisms from normally not preserved environments are preserved Burgess Shale- large chunk of shelf slid deeper

Question 136

Biasis of fossil record

Answer 136

``` rapid burial anoxic/hypersaline condition no/minimal reworking or diagenesis tissue resistant to decay organisms in low energy environment marine organisms ```

Question 137

grouping of objects or information based on similarities

Answer 137

classification

Question 138

taxonomy

Answer 138

branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms based on their similarities, chemical make up, similarities

Question 139

by observing patterns we can

Answer 139

deduce factors that control organism distribution

Question 140

six major kingdoms represented by fossil record

Answer 140

``` Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista (uni/multi cellular) Archaeobacteria Eubacteria ```

Question 141

extremophiles

Answer 141

Archaebacteria- live in harsh environments (anaerobic, hyper saline, sulfurous hot spring)

Question 142

cyanobacteria

Answer 142

filamentous, less tolerant than Archaebacteria

Question 143

Protists

Answer 143

protozoans- dinoflagellates,diatom, foraminifera

Question 144

Fungi act as

Answer 144

decomposers | parasites

Question 145

kingdom Fungi includes

Answer 145

molds mildew mushrooms yeast

Question 146

plant evolution

Answer 146

green algae--spore plants (mosses)---vascular plants (ferns)--- seed plants (gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Question 147

living organisms are classified by

Answer 147

binomial system of nomenclature | Linnaean system

Question 148

Species

Answer 148

can interbreed and produce viable offspring basic unit of classification organisms with structural, functional, developmental similarities have unique two-part names

Question 149

capitalized

Answer 149

genus name not species

Question 150

italicized or underlined

Answer 150

genus and species

Question 151

Classification hierarchy for plants

Answer 151

``` Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 152

classification hierarchy for animals

Answer 152

``` Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 153

mnemonic for classification hierarchy for animals

Answer 153

King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain

Question 154

Paleontological species

Answer 154

based on similarities in morphology rather than genetic compatibility

Question 155

Allopatric speciation

Answer 155

speciation that occurs when populations become isolated to an extent that prevents genetic interchange

Question 156

sympatric speciation

Answer 156

one population slowly diverges from main population while still living in same area- don't interbreed

Question 157

Which speciation is easier to deal with in fossil record

Answer 157

Allopatric

Question 158

Allopatric speciation can occur either

Answer 158

symmetrically or asymmetrically

Question 159

Phyletic gradualism

Answer 159

theory that evolution is gradual at a ~constant rate | speciation occurs as slow gradual change

Question 160

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 160

theory that periods of evolutionary equilibrium are interrupted by episodes of rapid evolutionary change rapid change-- relative stasis-- rapid change--...

Question 161

lineages show little evolution

Answer 161

punctuated equilibrium (stasis)

Question 162

evolution takes place in lineages

Answer 162

phyletic gradualism

Question 163

speciation is a side effect of evolution

Answer 163

phyletic gradualism

Question 164

change in individual morphology during lifespan

Answer 164

ontogenesis | can compare species embryos

Question 165

group of individuals of same species in an area

Answer 165

population

Question 166

all populations of all species living in an area

Answer 166

community

Question 167

a community and its abiotic environment

Answer 167

ecosystem

Question 168

types of variation in organisms populations

Answer 168

ecophenotypic variation taphonomic variability sexual dimorphism copes rule

Question 169

ecophenotypic variation

Answer 169

change due to environment- nutrient, light, temperature

Question 170

taphonomic variability

Answer 170

distortion after death (biocenosis vs. thenatocenosis)

Question 171

biocenosis

Answer 171

describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat

Question 172

thanatocenosis

Answer 172

death assemblage

Question 173

sexual dimorphism

Answer 173

phenotypic variation between males and females of species

Question 174

cope's rule

Answer 174

body size increases during evolution of a group of animals

Question 175

types of skeletal growth

Answer 175

accretion addition molting modification

Question 176

Accretion skeletal growth

Answer 176

adding on discrete growth layers to the skeleton as organism grows ex. corrals add layers every day, bivalves

Question 177

recognizing sexual dimorphism

Answer 177

analogs to living organisms ex.antlers geographic time/location- F/M wouldn't be thousands of years apart in record Ratio ~50/50 M/F similarity at early life stages

Question 178

Addition skeletal growth

Answer 178

adding discrete new parts which grow very little after formed ammonite, foraminifera (chambers)

Question 179

Modification skeletal growth

Answer 179

continuous remodeling and adding to existing skeletal elements- mammals

Question 180

Molting skeletal growth

Answer 180

shedding of exoskeleton- trilobite, crabs

Question 181

Steno's three laws for sedimentary rocks

Answer 181

Principle of superposition Principle of original horizontality Principle of original lateral continuity

Question 182

Physical principles of relative age

Answer 182

Principle of superposition, original horizontality, original continuity, cross cutting relations, inclusion, recorded history, unconformities, fossil succession, fossil correlation

Question 183

principle of superposition

Answer 183

youngest strata is on top

Question 184

principle of original horizontality

Answer 184

sediment is deposited in horizontal layers due to gravity

Question 185

principle of original lateral continuity

Answer 185

continuity is preserved from one environment to the next

Question 186

principle of recorded history

Answer 186

using known facts to date (ex. volcano eruption)

Question 187

1986 peak in Cs level

Answer 187

chernobyl

Question 188

principle of unconformities

Answer 188

surfaces of erosion or non-deposition (hiatus) include significant amounts of geologic time

Question 189

principle of fossil succession

Answer 189

oldest fossils in a series of sedimentary rock layers will be found in the lowest layer

Question 190

principle of fossil correlation

Answer 190

similar assemblages of fossils are of similar age and therefore the strata containing them are of similar ages

Question 191

chronology of events in Earth history established on basis of obtaining ages of past events

Answer 191

Geological Time Scale

Question 192

chronometers

Answer 192

radioactive elements | can measure up to ~7 half lives

Question 193

if radioactive element has long half life

Answer 193

not able to measure daughter products in young materials

Question 194

if radioactive elements have short half lives

Answer 194

cannot measure daughter product beyond certain time

Question 195

elements for absolute dating

Answer 195

Pb210 | Cs137

Question 196

Pb210

Answer 196

good for <120year old sediment | half life 22.3 years

Question 197

Eons

Answer 197

Phanerozoic Proterozoic Archean Hadean

Question 198

Phanerozoic

Answer 198

visible life

Question 199

Proterozoic

Answer 199

early life

Question 200

Archean

Answer 200

ancient life

Question 201

Hadean

Answer 201

greek mythological hell (Hades)

Question 202

~90% of earth history

Answer 202

Precambrian: Proterozoic + Archaen + Hadean

Question 203

Era

Answer 203

precambrian paleozoic mesozoic cenozoic

Question 204

Period mnemonic

Answer 204

camels often sit down carefully perhaps their joints creek TQ

Question 205

geological time- periods

Answer 205

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary, quaternary

Question 206

we no classify carboniferous as

Answer 206

upper- Pennsylvanian | lower- Mississippian

Question 207

biozone

Answer 207

body of rock whose lower and upper boundaries are based on the range of one or more taxa

Question 208

at well established geological time boundaries there are

Answer 208

golden spikes

Question 209

what defines biozone boundaries

Answer 209

large extinctions

Question 210

no fossil records or rocks of

Answer 210

Hadean

Question 211

epoch time unit

Answer 211

early/middle/late

Question 212

epoch time-rock unit

Answer 212

lower/middle/upper | Lower Devonian rocks represent Early Devonian time

Question 213

history of Earth

Answer 213

4.6 billion years

Question 214

time of Hadean

Answer 214

4.6-3.8bya

Question 215

time of Archaen

Answer 215

3.8-2.5bya

Question 216

time of Proterozoic

Answer 216

2.5bya

Question 217

time of Cambrian

Answer 217

542mya

Question 218

time of Silurian

Answer 218

444mya

Question 219

time of carboniferous

Answer 219

360-250mya

Question 220

time of mesozoic

Answer 220

250-65mya

Question 221

time of tertiary

Answer 221

65-2.6mya

Question 222

time of quaternary

Answer 222

2.6mya-present

Question 223

time of cenozoic

Answer 223

65mya-present

Question 224

by end of Archean

Answer 224

earth had an atmosphere, greenhouse gases, plate tectonics, life

Question 225

evidence of Precambrian life

Answer 225

morphological fossils (black chert) stromatolites chemical fossils

Question 226

chemical fossils

Answer 226

C12/C13 ratios, organisms preferentially take up lighter C12 | Pristane/phytane evidence of photosynthesis

Question 227

prokaryote size

Answer 227

~10µm

Question 228

how long was all life on earth bacterial

Answer 228

~2bya

Question 229

beginnings of life on earth

Answer 229

Isua formation of greenland Warrawoona group fig tree formation gunflint cherts

Question 230

Isua Formation of Greenland

Answer 230

3.85bya, oldest altered sedimentary rocks, geochemical indicators, carbon isotopes

Question 231

Warrawoona Group

Answer 231

Apex chert, Western Australia, 3.5bya, stromatolites, six types of filaments

Question 232

Fig Tree Formation

Answer 232

3.4bya, South Africa, cyanobacteria filaments associated with stromatolites, light carbon isotope ratios, pristine and phytane in cherts

Question 233

Gunflint cherts

Answer 233

Canada, 2.1bya, stromatolites, black cherts, chemical fossils, diverse prokaryotes, numerous bacteria types

Question 234

oncolite

Answer 234

similar to stromatolites, instead of forming columns, they form spherical structures, often form around central nucleus, shell fragment, and calcium carbonate structure is deposited by encrusting microbes

Question 235

most likely origin of life

Answer 235

hydrothermal vents (chemoautotrophs)

Question 236

first life

Answer 236

early archaen

Question 237

why hydrothermal vents are a likely source of life

Answer 237

abundant energy/mineral supply ocean protects from UV many prokaryotes live near vents

Question 238

needed for life to occur

Answer 238

cellular structure metabolic assimilation of energy reproduction heredity

Question 239

origin of life theories

Answer 239

creation extra terrestrial spontaneous generation inorganic model

Question 240

inorganic model

Answer 240

genetic material evolved first in association with clay minerals and organic compounds were involved only later

Question 241

hydrogen oxidation

Answer 241

2H2 + O2 ---- 2H2O + energy

Question 242

sulfur reduction

Answer 242

S + H2 -- H2S + energy

Question 243

methane production

Answer 243

CO2 + 4H2 -- CH4 + 2H2O + energy

Question 244

first photosynthesizer

Answer 244

cyanobacteria

Question 245

kingdoms in Archean

Answer 245

archeobacteria | eubacteria

Question 246

free oxygen (Tertiary atmosphere)

Answer 246

2.5-26mya

Question 247

BIFs

Answer 247

interbedded chert and iron rich minerals (Fe sulphides, Fe carbonates) need low level oxygen (precambrian)

Question 248

BIFs first appear

Answer 248

3.8BYA (more common in proterozoic)

Question 249

BIFs rare after

Answer 249

1.9BYA

Question 250

indications of higher levels of oxygen

Answer 250

stromatolites | eukaryotes

Question 251

oxygen 'sinks' start to fill up and O2 can accumulate in atmosphere

Answer 251

~2BYA

Question 252

Proterozoic eon life

Answer 252

2.5-0.5BYA evolution of complex eukaryotes first multicellular life evolution of sexual reproduction

Question 253

origin of eukaryotes

Answer 253

2-1.8BYA

Question 254

origin of sexual reproduction

Answer 254

1.1BYA

Question 255

origin of multicellular life

Answer 255

~0.7BYA

Question 256

evidence of Proterozoic evolution

Answer 256

gunflint chert | bitter springs chert

Question 257

Rodinia

Answer 257

supercontinent 'motherland' | 1.2BYA-600MYA

Question 258

Breakup of Rodinia

Answer 258

snowball/ slush ball earth | extinction- glaciation prevents light

Question 259

Ediacara fauna

Answer 259

``` also Vendian (soft-bodied animals) developed movement, symmetry very thin, up to 1m some anoxic species- maybe symbiosis possibly leathery no predation, filtering/grazing ```

Question 260

Ediacaran phytoplankton

Answer 260

Acritarchs- main primary producer after cyanobacteria organic walled, unknown affinity resistant to dissolution

Question 261

Cloudina sp.

Answer 261

first skeletal fossil (Ediacaran) CaCo3, CaPO4, tube dwelling worm Pre-late Cambrian

Question 262

Tommotian Fauna

Answer 262

``` small shelly fossils CaPO4 first evidence of predation (protective pieces) evidence of competition (grew taller) 1-5mm ```

Question 263

Cambria diversification

Answer 263

``` continents split up, new ecological niches, sea level changes, expanded cont. shelf, warm water, transgression all phyla (except bryozoa) appear VERY rapidly ```

Question 264

transgression

Answer 264

sea level rises- shoreline moves inland- mud deposited directly on old beach sand

Question 265

cambrian life

Answer 265

many more shelled species decreased stromatolite abundance all phyla (except bryozoa) appear VERY rapidly most major invertebrate classes

Question 266

hard part advantages

Answer 266

protection from UV- can move to shallow water prevents drying in intertidal pool predation protection support

Question 267

hard part disadvantage

Answer 267

energy of molting

Question 268

Archaeocyathid

Answer 268

sponges, appear in Tommotian (early Cambrian) extinct by mid Cambrian 1-3cm diameter, 15cm tall cone-in-cone structure, pores, central cavity calcareous skeleton benthic, sessile, colonial or individual

Question 269

excellent indicator of early Cambrian

Answer 269

Archaeocyaths- only marine, benthic, sessile, passive filter feeders in 20-100m water depth of tropic carbonate shelves

Question 270

Kingdom, phylum, subphylum of trilobite

Answer 270

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Trilobitomorpha Class: Trilobita

Question 271

Trilobite time frame

Answer 271

``` only in Paleozoic extremely common in Cambrian and Ordovician early Cambrian- end of Permian 8/9 orders appeared in Cambrian 15,000 species ```

Question 272

Trilobite exoskeleton

Answer 272

calcite

Question 273

main index fossil of cambrian

Answer 273

trilobite

Question 274

Major body parts of trilobite

Answer 274

Cephalon, Thorax, Pygidium | Pleural lobes, axial lobe

Question 275

evolutionary trends of trilobites

Answer 275

greatly elongated to transverse (widened) thoracic segments increased (60) or reduced (2) reduction/loss of eyes

Question 276

Effacement

Answer 276

adaptation related to a burrowing lifestyle | smoothing out of lines for burrowing (or streamlined swimming)

Question 277

Spinosity

Answer 277

defensive/stabilizing adaptation | can tell modality from direction spines stick out

Question 278

pelagic trilobite morphologies

Answer 278

extremely large eyes | streamlined bodies

Question 279

olenimorph

Answer 279

forms associated with low O2, high sulfur benthic habitat | thin exoskeleton, increased thoracic segments, wide flat body, symbiotic behaviour

Question 280

why wide flat body in olenimorph

Answer 280

larger surface area : water interface for material exchange

Question 281

environment changes for trilobites mostly related to

Answer 281

temperature changes- largest effect in shallow water

Question 282

Burgess Shale

Answer 282

mid Cambrian quick burial, anoxic conditions soft parts preserved ~93 soft bodied organisms

Question 283

one of the first large predators (seen in Burgess shale)

Answer 283

Anomalocaris canadensis (sea horse kinda shape) can tell predator from distinct bite marks in trilobites up to 60cm

Question 284

earliest chordate

Answer 284

Pikaia | ~5cm, nodochord, zigzag muscles attached to nodochord

Question 285

Burgess shale organism that was incorrectly reconstructed (upside down)

Answer 285

Hallucigenia | ~1cm long, protective spikes on back

Question 286

why explosion in Cambrian

Answer 286

``` few predators increased atmospheric oxygen sea level rise (many habitats) evolution of hard skeleton higher nutrient levels ```

Question 287

parts of evolutionary faunas graph

Answer 287

mud grabbers--stationary filter feeders--mobile filter feeders--soft bodied organisms 1-5 large extinction plateau in cambrian- max # of species that can live on mud substrate, need grow taller evolution majority of species diversification at end of Cambrian

Question 288

cambrian fauna

Answer 288

trilobite fauna | mainly trilobites, also echinoderms, brachiopods

Question 289

paleozoic fauna

Answer 289

brachiopod fauna | brachiopods, bryozoans, graptolites, cephalopods, crinoids

Question 290

Ordovician changes

Answer 290

``` 485-443mya north of tropics open ocean most land masses southern supercontinent, Gondwana O2 at modern levels flooding of continents ```

Question 291

Ordovician radiation

Answer 291

150 families in Cambrian | 400 families in Ordovician

Question 292

sediment changes from Cambrian-ordovician

Answer 292

Cambrian flat planar beds | Ordovician bioturbated, by upper Ordovician can't tell bedding planes

Question 293

Tiering

Answer 293

increase height and depth in substrate

Question 294

Conodonts

Answer 294

worm like forms with teeth, CaPO4, change colour in irreversible way, CAI, teeth not attached to jaw marine, free swimming, pelagic and nektobenthic predators, carnivores or scavengers

Question 295

conodont phylum

Answer 295

EITHER Hemichordata or Chordata (uncertain)

Question 296

conodont importance

Answer 296

extinct in Triassic, good for dating between triassic/jurassic, if find conodonts KNOW its not Jurassic

Question 297

conodont morphotypes

Answer 297

coniform ramiform pectiniform

Question 298

coniform

Answer 298

single cone or cusp with small basal cavity

Question 299

ramiform

Answer 299

bars with central cusp and denticles

Question 300

pectiniform

Answer 300

diverse forms bearing a platform and numerous denticles

Question 301

graptolites name

Answer 301

graptos - written | lithos - rock

Question 302

graptolite colonies

Answer 302

multiple filter feeders float/fixed rapid evolution index fossil for Ordovician

Question 303

'arms' of graptolite

Answer 303

stipes

Question 304

'spikes' of graptolite

Answer 304

thecae

Question 305

length of both 'arms' of graptolite

Answer 305

rhabdosome

Question 306

mid point of graptolite

Answer 306

sicula

Question 307

graptolite phylum

Answer 307

Hemichordata

Question 308

graptolite class

Answer 308

Graptolithina

Question 309

Graptolite orders

Answer 309

Order Dendroidea | Order Graptoloidea

Question 310

Dendroidea persistence

Answer 310

mid Cambrian - Carboniferous

Question 311

Graptoloidea persistence

Answer 311

Ordovician - mid-Devonian

Question 312

Graptolite features

Answer 312

``` exclusively marine rapid evolution abundant excellent biostratigraphic indices of Ordovician and Silurian Pelagic or benthic mostly preserved as thin carbon films ```

Question 313

sponge phylum

Answer 313

Porifera | no symmetry, holdfast, can reassemble, pores, flagella, spicules

Question 314

levels of complexity in sponges

Answer 314

Ascon-- Sycon-- Leucon | Ascon most common

Question 315

sponge classes

Answer 315

Class Hexactinellida Class Calcarea Class Demospongia Class Sclerospongea

Question 316

types of sponge spicules

Answer 316

Megascleres-monaxons, triaxons, tetraxons, polyaxon | Microscleres

Question 317

Hexactinellida

Answer 317

Neoproterozoic- resent Always glass (siliceous) Six rays (at 90º in cubic symmetry) ~10cm, diverse, abundant, cool, deep water

Question 318

Calcarea

Answer 318

``` Cambrian- resent calcareous or organic spicules- monaxon, tetraxon, star-shaped, tuning-fork shaped, all shapes significant late Paleozoic reef builders max. diversity in Cretaceous warm shallow water (above CCD) indicator of paleoclimate ```

Question 319

Demospongia

Answer 319

Cambrian- resent 'everything else' siliceous spicules and/or protein spongin spicules- tetraxon, monaxon, knobby, desmas, irregular never 90º larger, more solid, heavier in deeper water, lighter in shallow water

Question 320

Class Sclerospongea

Answer 320

``` Stromatoporoids spp. calcareous Ordovician-Cretaceous- or resent? thought to be extinct calcareous skeletons, domes >5m laminae look like stromatolite, less deformity canal with star shape on surface of bump ```

Question 321

graptolite preservation

Answer 321

carbonization, pyritization fine grain sandstone/shale, low energy carbonization is flat- no internal structure pyritization can give 3D structure- fills up parts

Question 322

evolution of graptolites

Answer 322

highest diversity in Ordovician | fewer branches down to 1 by silurian-devonian

Question 323

types of sponge spicules

Answer 323

sponginin, silica, calcium carbonate

Question 324

'other' reef builders

Answer 324

corrals

Question 325

another name for phylum Cnidaria

Answer 325

Coelenterata

Question 326

what Cnidaria means

Answer 326

cnidos- stinging nettle

Question 327

Phylum Cnidaria classes

Answer 327

Hydrozoa- polyps, hydras Scyphozoa- jellyfish Anthozoa- sea anemones, corals, sea fans, sea pens

Question 328

Class Anthozoa persistance

Answer 328

Precambrian-recent

Question 329

Class Anthozoa orders

Answer 329

Tabulata Rugosa Scleractinia

Question 330

Tabulata persistance

Answer 330

Ordovician-Permian | Prominent reef builders: S-D

Question 331

Rugosa persistance

Answer 331

Ordovician-Permian | Reefs: S-D

Question 332

Scleractinia persistance

Answer 332

mid Triassic- recent | prominent reef builders: late T-J-C

Question 333

Order Tabulata

Answer 333

calcite structure, plates perpendicular to height, honeycomb appearance, continuous structure, ALWAYS colonial, small-absent septa

Question 334

Order Rugosa

Answer 334

horn-shaped, solitary or colonial, mostly calcite, some aragonite, well developed septum, curl up from sea floor, accrete layer every day, 4 ray symmetry (6 in 4)

Question 335

Rugosa + Tabulata

Answer 335

``` same time (o-p) same area no holdfast low energy unlikely to have had symbionts ```

Question 336

Order Scleractinia

Answer 336

solitary and colonial, 6-ray symmetry (6 in 6), polyps fused into long, meandering rows, still present, only aragonite, some zooxanthellae

Question 337

corral symbiont

Answer 337

zooxanthellae

Question 338

corals as climate indicators

Answer 338

isotherm ~21º

Question 339

Class Scyphozoa persistance

Answer 339

Precambrian- present

Question 340

Sub-classes of Anthozoa

Answer 340

Octocorallians | Zoantharia

Question 341

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa, Sub-class Octocorallians, Orders

Answer 341

Scleractinia Rugosa Tabulata

Question 342

calcite ocean Mg/Ca mole ratio

Answer 342

<2 High Mg Calcite 1-2 Low-Mg calcite 0-1

Question 343

aragonite ocean Mg/Ca mole ratio

Answer 343

2-6

Question 344

high spreading rates =

Answer 344

ridge volume large calcite seas Mg:Ca ~1

Question 345

calcite sea persistence

Answer 345

Cambrian - mid Mississipian | Cretaceous-Ng

Question 346

Aragonite sea persistence

Answer 346

Mid Mississippian- Cretaceous

Question 347

Cambrian reef builder

Answer 347

Archaeocyathans

Question 348

Ordovician to Permian reef builder

Answer 348

Tabulate corrals | Stromatoporoids

Question 349

low spreading rate

Answer 349

small ridge volume | aragonite sea

Question 350

lophophore

Answer 350

ciliated feeding structure near mouth

Question 351

have a lophophore

Answer 351

bryozoans | brachiopods

Question 352

Phylum Bryozoa persistence

Answer 352

Ordovician - present

Question 353

Bryozoa characteristics

Answer 353

aquatic (marine/fresh), mostly interconnected colonies, small, sessile, lophophore, shallow water, aragonite or arag.-calcite mix or chitin

Question 354

Phylum Bryozoa classes

Answer 354

Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata

Question 355

Class Phylactolaemata persistence

Answer 355

Cretaceous- Recent

Question 356

Class Stenolaemata persistence

Answer 356

Ordovician- recent

Question 357

Class Gymnolaemata persistence

Answer 357

Ordovician- recent

Question 358

phylactolaemata

Answer 358

freshwater, no skeleton

Question 359

stenolaemata

Answer 359

marine, circular lophophore, tubular skeleton

Question 360

gymnolaemata

Answer 360

circular lophophore, box-like/saclike skeleton

Question 361

bryozoa shape dependence on environment energy

Answer 361

Discoid- high energy Branching- low (lagoonal) Encrusting- low-mod Fenestrated (spiral)- moderate

Question 362

lamp shells

Answer 362

phylum brachiopoda

Question 363

Phylum Brachiopoda persistence

Answer 363

Cambrian-present

Question 364

Brachiopoda characteristics

Answer 364

two valves, solitary filter feeder, lophophore, marine, intertidal-abyssal (usually shelf), plane of symmetry bisects shell, sessile, bottom dweller, free-living or rooted (infernal/epifaunal)

Question 365

brachiopod dorsal valve

Answer 365

brachial valve

Question 366

brachiopod ventral valve

Answer 366

pedicle valve

Question 367

smaller brachiopod valve

Answer 367

Brachial valve ('hole' for pedicle)

Question 368

brachiopod muscles

Answer 368

adductor muscle | diductor muscle

Question 369

opening/closing brachiopod valves

Answer 369

open when diductor muscle is tightened

Question 370

Brachiopoda classes

Answer 370

Class Inarticulata | Class Articulata

Question 371

Inarticulata

Answer 371

CaPO4 shells, no teeth along hinge, infernal, functional anus, common in Cambrian

Question 372

how inarticulata move up and down in burrow

Answer 372

hydrostatic pressure

Question 373

Articulata

Answer 373

Calcite shells, teeth in sockets along hinge, no anus, bilaterally symmetrical shells, dominate Ordovician

Question 374

Paleozoic fauna

Answer 374

articulate brachiopods, stony and lacy bryozoans, graptolites, stromatoporoids, cephalopods, crinoids

Question 375

stromatoporoids reef building

Answer 375

silurian-devonian

Question 376

stromatolite reef building

Answer 376

Archean- proterozoic

Question 377

First precambrian fossil ever discovered

Answer 377

Charnia_ lived deep in the ocean where light could not reach no mouth or gut but filtered nutrients/particles from water

Question 378

Death assemblage

Answer 378

Thanatocenosis

Question 379

Obrution

Answer 379

A rapid burial or smothering event

Question 380

Life assemblage

Answer 380

Biocenosis

Question 381

Parts of geological time scale from left to right

Answer 381

Eon Era Period Epoch

Question 382

evolutionary faunas

Answer 382

cambrian fauna paleozoic fauna modern fauna

Question 383

modern fauna

Answer 383

bivalve-gastropod fauna

Question 384

modern fauna organisms

Answer 384

bivalves, gastropods, vertebrates, echinoids, crustaceans

Question 385

mollusca

Answer 385

soft body

Question 386

phylum mollusca presence

Answer 386

precambrian? Cambrian-recent

Question 387

phylum mollusca morphology

Answer 387

usually elongate, bilateral symmetry, mantle secretes shell, radula, one way gut, muscular foot, concentrated sensory organs in head (except bivalve), eyes, usually gills, sexual reproduction

Question 388

radula

Answer 388

minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus

Question 389

mollusca mode of life

Answer 389

marine/freshwater/terrestrial

Question 390

Phylum mollusca classes

Answer 390

``` Amphineura Scaphopoda Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda Rostroconchia ```

Question 391

Class Amphineura

Answer 391

polyplacophora, monoplascophora | chitons

Question 392

Amphineura characteristics

Answer 392

primitive, univalve shell, benthic, algal/bacterial grazers | Polyplacophora- 8 CaCO3 valves, girdle around valves

Question 393

Amphineura strat range

Answer 393

Cambrian-Holocene

Question 394

Class Scaphopoda

Answer 394

tusk shaped univalve shell open at both ends, lack gills, infernal, deposit feeder, rare in fossil record, few cm's

Question 395

Scaphopoda strat range

Answer 395

Ordovician - recent

Question 396

changes in class Scaphopoda

Answer 396

Carboniferous- long, skinny, dirty white Miocene- shorter, fatter, whiter, ribbed Eocene- shorter, black

Question 397

Bivalve class

Answer 397

Pelecypoda (axe foot) | or Lamellibranchs

Question 398

Bivalve features

Answer 398

two valves, calcite/aragonite, bilateral symmetry, indistinct head, distinct foot, tentacles and eyes absent, sexual reproduction, ligament

Question 399

Bivalve strat range

Answer 399

Cambrian - recent

Question 400

Bivalve environment

Answer 400

marine or lacustrine

Question 401

Bivalve ligament

Answer 401

horny elastic structure joining two valves dorsally and acting as a spring that causes the valves to open when adductor muscles relax

Question 402

umbo

Answer 402

most prominent, highest part of bivalve shell, usually contains the valve's beak, the oldest point (earliest formed) of the valve

Question 403

determining left/right valve

Answer 403

labeled with respect to the anterior end of the bivalve, when the umbones are facing upward by viewing posterior (siphons) end

Question 404

Bivalve classifications based on teeth and sockets

Answer 404

Taxodonts Heterodonts Isodonts Dysodonts

Question 405

Taxodonts

Answer 405

numerous, small teeth, subparallel or radial arrangement

Question 406

Dysodonts

Answer 406

small simple teeth, near edges of valve, teeth not distinct | Devonian- recent

Question 407

Isodont

Answer 407

very large teeth, either side of central ligament pit

Question 408

Heterodont

Answer 408

2-3 cardinal teeth below jumbo, elongated lateral teeth | most Tertiary-recent bivalves are of this type

Question 409

Rudist

Answer 409

extinct bivalves 2 different sized/shaped shells sessile, solitary or reef like masses

Question 410

Rudist bivalve strat range

Answer 410

Jurassic- Cretaceous

Question 411

Bivalve life modes

Answer 411

mostly filter feeders Infaunal: Burrowing, boring Epifaunal: byssally attached, reclining, cemented, swimming

Question 412

byssally attached

Answer 412

attached to substrate by byssal threads

Question 413

reclining

Answer 413

lying immobile and unattached to sea floor

Question 414

cemented

Answer 414

attached to substrate by secreted shell material

Question 415

Burrowing bivalve morphology

Answer 415

equal size/shape valves 2 adductor scars equal in size distinct pallial line

Question 416

Boring bivalve morphology

Answer 416

thicker, equal valves, cylindrical in X-section | some have ridges and stout spines, other tubular in form

Question 417

semi infaunal bivalve

Answer 417

elongate, fan-like, reduced anterior area | ex. pen shells, modiolids, ark shells

Question 418

Class Bivalvia, Subclass Pteromorphia, Genus Inoceramus

Answer 418

most diverse in Jurassic-Cretaceous | species ranged ~0.2-0.5Ma

Question 419

number of gastropod species

Answer 419

40,000 - 100,000

Question 420

gastropoda habitats

Answer 420

marine/lacustrine/terrestrial

Question 421

Gastropoda features

Answer 421

mostly herbivores, some carnivores, univalved shell, distinctive head, eyes, tentacles, radula; 180º torted body (anus above head), sexual reproduction

Question 422

Gastropoda strat range

Answer 422

Cambrian - present

Question 423

gastropod means

Answer 423

stomache - foot

Question 424

Gastropod shell geometry

Answer 424

trochospiral / planispiral

Question 425

Trochospiral

Answer 425

shell coiled in more than one plane

Question 426

planispiral

Answer 426

coiled in a single plane

Question 427

Gastropoda columella

Answer 427

little column or pillar, central anatomical feature of coiled shell, often only visible when shell is broken, sliced in half, or x-rayed, runs from apex of shell to midpoint of undersurface

Question 428

class Gastropoda subclasses

Answer 428

Prosobranchia Opisthobranchia Pulmonata

Question 429

important bivalves for stratigraphy

Answer 429

Rudist | Inoceramus

Question 430

likes like Rugosa, but no septa

Answer 430

Rudist bivalve

Question 431

difference between Gastropod and Cephalopod

Answer 431

Cephalopods have partitioned shells (chambers)

Question 432

meaning of Cephalopod

Answer 432

head-foot

Question 433

Cephalopod characteristics

Answer 433

all predators, tentacles, eyes, partitioned shells, no or univalve shell, organized nervous system

Question 434

cephalopod mode of life

Answer 434

marine, nektonic (jet propulsion)

Question 435

Cephalopods of interest

Answer 435

nautiloids, ammonites, belemnites

Question 436

cephalopod strat range

Answer 436

late cambrian- present | rapid initial evolutions

Question 437

Phylum Molluska Class Cephalopoda subclasses

Answer 437

Nautiloidea Ammonoidea Coleoidea

Question 438

Nautiloidea strat range

Answer 438

late Cambrian- recent

Question 439

nautiloidea special features

Answer 439

simple suture pattern- straight to gentle curve, septate shell, well developed eye, leathery hood covers eye, siphuncle, jaws, radula, tentacles, hyponome, gills

Question 440

first common large predator

Answer 440

Nautiloidea

Question 441

septate shell

Answer 441

chambered

Question 442

nautiloidea life mode

Answer 442

nektonic (0-600m)

Question 443

protoconch

Answer 443

first chamber

Question 444

conch

Answer 444

whole shell

Question 445

phragmocone

Answer 445

external chambered shell | all chambers except living chamber

Question 446

one chamber of conch

Answer 446

camera

Question 447

separate camera in nautiloid conch

Answer 447

septum

Question 448

septum

Answer 448

internal partition which separates the chambers

Question 449

connection of septum to outer wall of conch

Answer 449

sutures (under top layer of shell)

Question 450

tube connecting living chamber with all previous chambers of nautilus/ammonoid

Answer 450

siphuncle

Question 451

Nautilus siphuncle

Answer 451

middle

Question 452

siphuncle use

Answer 452

connects all chambers in order to change their buoyancy

Question 453

living chamber

Answer 453

space between aperture and last septum

Question 454

hyponome

Answer 454

expels water, locomotive force

Question 455

nautilus 'shapes'

Answer 455

Orthoconic Cyrtoconic Gyroconic Nautilicone

Question 456

orthoconic

Answer 456

totally straight, pointy shell

Question 457

cyrtoconic

Answer 457

tip is more curved than orthoconic

Question 458

gyrocone

Answer 458

curved shells, from single curve to multiple coils

Question 459

Ammonoidea features

Answer 459

complex sutures, siphuncle, widespread, index fossil, chambered shell

Question 460

ammonoid siphuncle

Answer 460

present at ventral side (not middle)

Question 461

ammonoid strat range

Answer 461

Devonian - Cretaceous | **Important index fossil (pelagic)

Question 462

if direction of aperture is up, a lobe in the suture would be a

Answer 462

U

Question 463

if direction of aperture is down, a saddle in the suture pattern would be

Answer 463

n

Question 464

Types of ammonoid suture patterns

Answer 464

ammonitic ceratitic goniatitic orthoceratitic

Question 465

Ammonites have

Answer 465

ammonitic sutures

Question 466

orthoceratitic

Answer 466

Cambrian- recent | practically straight suture lines

Question 467

goniatitic

Answer 467

devonian - permian | smooth suture line, angular lobe/saddles

Question 468

ceratitic

Answer 468

Carboniferous- Triassic | rounded saddles, serrated lobes

Question 469

ammonitic

Answer 469

Permian - Cretaceous | complex lobes and saddles, dendritic

Question 470

cephalopod shell morphology types (curving)

Answer 470

Involute Convolute Evolute

Question 471

involute cephalopod shell

Answer 471

hiding the baby coils, living chamber covers initial chambers

Question 472

convolute cephalopod shell

Answer 472

shell partly encloses preceding whorls | baby centre is partially exposed

Question 473

evolute cephalopod shell

Answer 473

baby centre is completely exposed | living chamber does not cover any old chambers

Question 474

shape of shell is important for

Answer 474

centre of gravity

Question 475

ammonoid keel

Answer 475

thickening along outer margin | like a rim down the outer middle

Question 476

ammonoid ribs/ornamentation

Answer 476

thickening of external shell in 'ribs' | not necessarily coinciding with sutures

Question 477

ornamentation and keel are for

Answer 477

balance and protection

Question 478

sexual dimorphism

Answer 478

microconchs | macrcoconchs

Question 479

macroconch

Answer 479

female ammonoid, larger (for egg production)

Question 480

microconch

Answer 480

male, smaller, long thin piece of shell at end of living chamber

Question 481

aptychi

Answer 481

two-valved closing hatch (hood) on ammonite | calcite (ammonite shell is aragonite)

Question 482

animals in Subclass Coleoidea

Answer 482

squids, cuddlefish, octopus belemnites

Question 483

Coleoidea features

Answer 483

internal or lacking skeleton, orthoconic, marine, siphuncle, phragmocone, beak, gills

Question 484

belemnites

Answer 484

2 parts: well preserved rostrum, phragmocone | bullet shaped, pointy, no chambers, siphon, typical middle groove

Question 485

belemnite strat range

Answer 485

Devonian - Cretaceous | abundant Jurassic - Cretaceous

Question 486

why belemnite fossils are usually found in large groups

Answer 486

large mortalities; anoxic conditions, inside of plesiosaurus

Question 487

example of coleoidea

Answer 487

belemnite

Question 488

the branch of palaeontology dealing with the study of microscopic fossils

Answer 488

micropaleontology

Question 489

three main branches of paleontology

Answer 489

micropaleontology macropaleontology ichnology

Question 490

what makes microfossils useful for stratigraphic correlation

Answer 490

abundance, abundance, abundance, widespread (large distribution), sediment cores are not wide (lower chance of macrofossil), preservable, short start range (high accuracy in dating), have distinct forms (identifiable)

Question 491

2 main groups of microfossils

Answer 491

'plant like' | 'animal like'

Question 492

plant like microfossils

Answer 492

diatoms, silicoflafellates, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, acritarchs, pollen and spores

Question 493

animal like microfossils

Answer 493

conodonts, ostracods, foraminifera, radiolarian

Question 494

Kingdom Protista, autotroph divisions

Answer 494

Pyrrophyta Chrysophyta Cholorphyta

Question 495

Division Chryophyta classes

Answer 495

Chrysophyceae Bacillariophyceae Coccolithophyceae

Question 496

Bacillariophyceae

Answer 496

Diatoms

Question 497

two groups of diatoms

Answer 497

Pennales | Centrales

Question 498

diatom morphology

Answer 498

unicellular, planktonic, siliceous frustule, 2 valves, 20-200µm, autotrophic

Question 499

diatom mode of life

Answer 499

every aquatic environment, benthic and planktonic (photic zone), individual or colonial

Question 500

pennales diatom

Answer 500

bilaterally symmetric raphe: elongate fissure down middle mostly benthic Oligocene- Recent

Question 501

centrales diatom

Answer 501

``` radially symmetric ornamentation: striations, pores, spines, punctuations mostly planktonic form chains Upper Jerassic?- Cretaceous- recent ```

Question 502

diatom valves

Answer 502

epitheca | hypotheca

Question 503

epitheca valve

Answer 503

larger, older, outer, girdle elements connected to it

Question 504

hypotheca valve

Answer 504

younger, smaller, inner

Question 505

diatom carbon fixing

Answer 505

20-25% of all planetary

Question 506

class Chrysophyceae, order Silicoflagellineae

Answer 506

marine, flagellate, planktonic, photosyntehtic, opaline interior siliceous test, connected tubular structures

Question 507

silicoflagellate start range

Answer 507

cretaceous - recent

Question 508

silicoflagellate test shapes

Answer 508

ring like, hexagonal, hemispherical, lattice

Question 509

division Chrysophyceae class coccolithophyceae

Answer 509

single celled, very small, 2-20µm calcitic plates (coccoliths), photosynthetic, nanofossils, semi-transparent

Question 510

coccolithophore mode of life

Answer 510

planktonic, marine, photic zone, narrow temperature range- warm water, 45ºN-45ºS

Question 511

coccolith function for coccolithophore

Answer 511

protection (bacteria, physical, predator) flotation/buoyancy (spherical shape) light regulation (reflect sunlight) biochemistry (may secrete calcite to expel byproduct, increase biochemical efficiency)

Question 512

coccolithophore strat range

Answer 512

upper Triassic- Jurassic- recent | mass extinction at end of cretaceous, adaptive radiation in paleocene

Question 513

major coccolith deposits

Answer 513

cretaceous chalk (calcareous ooze)

Question 514

what does it tell you if you find only pelagic diatoms

Answer 514

greater depth (too deep for benthic photosynthesizers)

Question 515

ooze

Answer 515

>30% biogenic Si/CaCO3

Question 516

cause of equatorial band of siliceous ooze

Answer 516

radiolarians

Question 517

can calcareous ooze be found in the abyssal?

Answer 517

yes at MOR, sea mount, etc.. if there are parts of ocean floor above CCD

Question 518

affect of ocean acidification on coccolithophores

Answer 518

increases number of/thickness of coccoliths

Question 519

CCD

Answer 519

carbonate compensation depth- below which calcareous skeletons dissolve as fast as they fall from above

Question 520

Division Chlorophyta classes

Answer 520

Prasinophytes | Chlorophytes

Question 521

Division Chlorophyta class Prasinophyta order

Answer 521

Acritarchs

Question 522

Division Chlorophyta class Chlorophytes orders

Answer 522

Chlorococcales | Volvocales

Question 523

micropaleontology

Answer 523

the branch of palaeontology dealing with the study of microscopic fossils

Question 524

Autotroph divisons

Answer 524

Pyrrophyta Chrysophyta Chlorophyta

Question 525

Acritarch size

Answer 525

average ~40µm | 20-150µm

Question 526

Acritarchs are

Answer 526

organic-walled phytoplankton of unknown affinity | aquatic (marine)

Question 527

Acritarchs are important for what time period

Answer 527

paleozoic (abundant on continental shelves)

Question 528

the study of pollen, spores, and other similar structures (living or fossil)

Answer 528

Palynology

Question 529

'other' similar structures in palynology

Answer 529

palynomorphs

Question 530

palynomorphs

Answer 530

animal parts FOL algae

Question 531

animal part palynomorphs

Answer 531

mandibles of polychaeta

Question 532

FOL

Answer 532

foraminiferal organic linings

Question 533

algae palynomorphs

Answer 533

freshwater green algae | dinoflagellates

Question 534

middle cretaceous reef builder

Answer 534

there is no middle cretaceous

Question 535

when writing the name of a geological time unit

Answer 535

don't forget to include eon, era, period, epoch

Question 536

cross bedding represents

Answer 536

shallow marine environment

Question 537

labelling a field map

Answer 537

location, formation, geological time | Muir Creek, Sooke Formation, upper Oligocene

Question 538

y-shaped pollen scar

Answer 538

contact area- where they were connected

Question 539

gymnosperm pollen

Answer 539

winged, looks like mouse head (conifer)

Question 540

dinoflagellate composition

Answer 540

mainly organic, some calcareous

Question 541

pyrrophyta

Answer 541

dinoflagellates - red tides

Question 542

prior to diatoms, major primary producer

Answer 542

acritarchs, cyanobacteria

Question 543

dinoflagellate characteristics

Answer 543

20-150µm auto/hetero/mixotrophic flagella - migration most abundant coastal phyto

Question 544

dinoflagellates are most abundant when

Answer 544

summer, autumn- following diatom bloom

Question 545

significance of dinoflagellates ability to migrate

Answer 545

the environment they are found in is the one they prefer to be in

Question 546

hypnozygote

Answer 546

dinoflagellate cyst/ dinocyst resting cyst resulting from sexual fusion; commonly thick-walled, typically 15 to 100 µm in diameter, often resistant and made out of dinosporin

Question 547

amroured dinflagellates

Answer 547

overlapping cellulose plates- armor- theca

Question 548

visual difference between calcareous and organic walled dinoflagellates

Answer 548

organic- brownish | calcareous- whitish

Question 549

organic walled dinoflagellate cyst strat range

Answer 549

triassic-recent

Question 550

autotrophic dinoflagellates are mostly found

Answer 550

offshore (clear/transparent)

Question 551

heterotrophic dinoflagellates are mostly found

Answer 551

near shore (darker/brownish)

Question 552

proximity to shore =

Answer 552

proximity to nutrients

Question 553

why sea level alters number/type of species

Answer 553

proximity to shore.. | higher sea level = larger shelf

Question 554

why cenozoic species were not altered by sea level

Answer 554

limited by Si

Question 555

Silica input is a function of

Answer 555

weathering/erosion

Question 556

dinoflagellate strat range

Answer 556

different than cyst range Cambrian? - Recent flourish in Mesozoic

Question 557

dinoflag paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Answer 557

``` coastal/oceanic proximity- sea level change- based on autotroph/heterotroph surface water T salinity (precipitations) paleoproductivity human impact (pollution, eutrophication) ```

Question 558

paleozoic phytoplankton

Answer 558

acritarchs

Question 559

mesozoic phytoplankton

Answer 559

coccoliths | dinoflagellates

Question 560

cenozoic phytoplankton

Answer 560

coccoliths dinoflagellates diatoms

Question 561

plant like microfossils

Answer 561

``` diatoms silicoflagellates coccolithophores dinoflagellates acritarchs pollen/spores ```

Question 562

animal like microfossils

Answer 562

foraminifera radiolarians conodonts ostracods

Question 563

Heterotroph subphylums

Answer 563

Sarcodina | Ciliophora

Question 564

Sarcodina

Answer 564

protozoa that move and capture food by pseudopodia | Radiolarians, Foraminifera

Question 565

Radiolarians strat range

Answer 565

mid Cambrian - recent

Question 566

Radiolarian characteristics

Answer 566

only marine, heterotrophic, some symbiotic, 100-2000µm, siliceous, form chert

Question 567

radiolaria 'parts'

Answer 567

apex, spine, pore, outer/inner sphere, chambered lattice shell, basal mouth

Question 568

radiolaria orders

Answer 568

Spummelaria (circular) | Nassellaria (helmet shaped)

Question 569

Spummelarian strat range

Answer 569

mid Cambrian - recent

Question 570

Nassellarian strat range

Answer 570

Carboniferous- recent

Question 571

deep water radiolarian strat

Answer 571

Silurian - recent

Question 572

radiolarians compete for silica with

Answer 572

diatoms

Question 573

radiolarian evolution

Answer 573

from shallow - deep | skeletons finer and less robust

Question 574

Subclass Rhizopoda strat range

Answer 574

Foraminiferida | Cambrian - recent

Question 575

benthic foraminifera

Answer 575

Cambrian - recent agglutinated or calcareous (not below CCD) some flatter, longer (less spherical)

Question 576

planktonic foraminifera

Answer 576

Jurassic -recent ONLY calcareous bulbous- floatin spines- predation, surface area

Question 577

Foraminifera characteristics

Answer 577

mostly marine, calcareous/agglutinated/organic

Question 578

Foraminifera are characterized by

Answer 578

Test microstructure Test morphology Aperture type

Question 579

Test microstructure

Answer 579

agglutinated calcareous tectin (not usually preserved)

Question 580

agglutinated test

Answer 580

composed of grains or fragments of foreign material cemented by organism

Question 581

calcareous test

Answer 581

hyaline (glassy/transparent) | porcelainous (white/opaque)

Question 582

origin of biogenic silica

Answer 582

radiolarians, sponge spicules

Question 583

foramin means

Answer 583

window (pores are like windows)

Question 584

benthic foramin microhabitats graph

Answer 584

sediment depth vs. oligo/meso/eutrophic conditions deep infaunal taxa - don't live in oligotrophic, deep in meso, shallow in eutrophic (high rate of organic material falling) oligo- only epifaunal

Question 585

oligotrophic

Answer 585

environments that offer little to sustain life

Question 586

eutrophic

Answer 586

oversupply of nutrients, explosive growth of plants/algae- die, consume oxygen, hypoxia

Question 587

foram test morphology

Answer 587

single chambered, uniserial, biserial, triserial, planispiral, trochospiral

Question 588

uniserial

Answer 588

chambers added in a straight fashion (cone shaped with each successive chamber larger than the last)

Question 589

biserial

Answer 589

chambers added in alternating fashion (conish/braid or horsetail)

Question 590

triserial

Answer 590

chambers added every 120º spiral

Question 591

planispiral

Answer 591

chambers coiled in single plane evolute or involute like typical ammonoid

Question 592

trochospiral

Answer 592

chambers form cone (looks like a flower from the top)

Question 593

earliest foraminifera were

Answer 593

benthic, agglutinated, single chambered

Question 594

aperture types

Answer 594

open end of tube, radiate, loop shaped, terminal slit, umbilical, iteriomarginal, multiple, with phi aline lip, with bifid tooth, with umbilical teeth

Question 595

large foraminifera

Answer 595

fusulinidae | nummulitidae

Question 596

Fusulinids

Answer 596

rice grain shaped paleozoic shallow seas add chambers along long axis

Question 597

nummulitids

Answer 597

coin shaped planispiral/involute tertiary

Question 598

evolute/involute

Answer 598

space on both sides enclosed by last whorl is termed Umbilicus- wide umbilicus = Evolute, narrow umbilicus = Involute.

Question 599

first appearance of foraminifera

Answer 599

early cambrian

Question 600

first multi chambered foraminifera

Answer 600

late cambrian

Question 601

mass extinction of forms

Answer 601

end of Permian | including fusilinids

Question 602

first planktonic forams

Answer 602

early Jurassic

Question 603

extinction of 1/2 of deep water benthic forams

Answer 603

end paleocene

Question 604

modern benthic forams evolve

Answer 604

middle Miocene

Question 605

foraminiferal inner lining

Answer 605

organic, chambers, some have this not all

Question 606

benefits of studying foraminifera

Answer 606

small, abundant, geographically distributed, test changes, Camb-Recent, short reproductive cycle, trace elements preserved in test, subject to dissolution

Question 607

benefit of short reproductive cycle

Answer 607

represent more precise conditions | more specific dating

Question 608

benefits of being subject to dissolution

Answer 608

live at certain depths- more precise

Question 609

foraminifera can be used to determine

Answer 609

geologic age environments pollution

Question 610

determining environments

Answer 610

bathymetry

Question 611

determining pollution

Answer 611

tests are altered with pollution/toxicity

Question 612

first land plants

Answer 612

late Ordovician

Question 613

basic alga parts

Answer 613

holdfast- anchor support - not needed (water) photosynthesizing parts - whole plant

Question 614

basic land plant parts

Answer 614

roots- anchor, absorb water/minerals stem- support, photosynthesis cuticle/stomata- resist desiccation, allow gas exchange leaf- photosynthesis

Question 615

difficulties moving to land

Answer 615

support, desiccation, reproduction, water, nutrients, temperature range, UV

Question 616

plants evolved from

Answer 616

green algae- charophyceans

Question 617

vascular tissues

Answer 617

transport water/nutrients | provide internal support

Question 618

Bryophytes

Answer 618

nonvascular, lack roots, depend on moisture, unique habitat

Question 619

bryophytes strat

Answer 619

on land- late Ordovician - Recent | existed in water in Camb

Question 620

seedless vascular plants require

Answer 620

water for reproduction

Question 621

seedless vascular plants

Answer 621

ferns, horsetails, club mosses | flagellated sperm need water

Question 622

early seedless vascular plant

Answer 622

Psilotum- no leaves, no roots Cooksonia- spores, stomata, no leaves Rhynia- primitive root, sporangia

Question 623

Ferns

Answer 623

need moisture for reproduction, roots, leaves, alternation of generations, spores

Question 624

alternation of generations

Answer 624

multicellular haploid gametophyte, alternates with multicellular diploid sporophyte

Question 625

largest Silurian plant

Answer 625

Baragwanathia

Question 626

Baragwanathia

Answer 626

Lycopod, 30cm-1m, leaves, typical of silurian, spores

Question 627

early-mid-late devonian changes in plants

Answer 627

mid- rise of lycopsids- spore bearing trees spores flammable- large increase of fires large increase of tree fall in swampy areas-- coal formation

Question 628

first trees

Answer 628

Archaeopteris spore bearing, large Late Devonian, coal source

Question 629

lycopsids

Answer 629

up to 30m, branches only at top, leaves similar to palm

Question 630

calamites

Answer 630

Sphenopsids (horsetails) | jointed hollow stem, horizontal underground stem-bearing roots

Question 631

gymnosperm

Answer 631

naked seed

Question 632

Permian flora

Answer 632

gymnosperms- conifers, seed-bearing vascular plants

Question 633

gymnosperm characteristics

Answer 633

2 cone types, fertilization independent of water, delayed sporophyte development, dormancy, seed dispersal, germination Permian - Recent

Question 634

gymnosperm cones

Answer 634

Male- sperm- pollen grains | Female- embryonic seeds

Question 635

examples of gymnosperms

Answer 635

conifers, ginkgo, cycads

Question 636

meaning of angiosperm

Answer 636

covered seed

Question 637

angiosperm strat

Answer 637

Early Cretaceous - Recent

Question 638

angiosperm characteristics

Answer 638

flowering, fruits with seeds, dominant, grow-regenerate-reproduce faster, most successful/advanced plants, better at surviving grazing

Question 639

angiosperms evolved from

Answer 639

ferns

Question 640

insects coevolved with

Answer 640

angiosperms

Question 641

evolution of leaves

Answer 641

microphylls megaphylls symmetry serration

Question 642

microphylls

Answer 642

one vascular trace

Question 643

megaphylls

Answer 643

branched vascular trace

Question 644

increased leaf vein symmetry

Answer 644

equal strength, support, distribution of water/nutrients

Question 645

gymnosperm present dominance

Answer 645

only in high latitudes

Question 646

leaf serration

Answer 646

temperate climates- serrated margins | warm/humid climate- smooth margins

Question 647

carboniferous- evolution of

Answer 647

gymnosperms

Question 648

cretaceous - evolution of

Answer 648

angiosperms

Question 649

oxygen spike in carboniferous

Answer 649

evolution of trees | aided in increase of fires

Question 650

Lepidodendron

Answer 650

50m tall lycopsid, each part was named separately

Question 651

largest oxygen spike since cambrian

Answer 651

late carboniferous

Question 652

lowest CO2 level since Cambrian

Answer 652

carboniferous-permian boundary

Question 653

Why do we see patterns of diversity in the fossil record

Answer 653

Total rock area (sampling) Paleontological interest Fossil preservation

Question 654

Evolutionary faunas

Answer 654

``` Cambrian fauna (trilobite fauna) Paleozoic fauna (brachiopod) Modern fauna (bivalve-gastropod) ```

Question 655

fraction of energy passed between trophic levels

Answer 655

~10%

Question 656

similarities between evolutionary faunas

Answer 656

all 3 grew exponentially then plateaued in accordance with niche space

Question 657

Example of how geology influences biology

Answer 657

formation of Pangea-- PT extinction

Question 658

ocean chemistry - pangea

Answer 658

transition to aragonite sea | decrease in calcite dependent organisms

Question 659

high spreading rates =

Answer 659

calcite seas

Question 660

average species duration

Answer 660

0.5-10 million years

Question 661

background extinction rate

Answer 661

~2-4.6 families per MYA

Question 662

red-queen hypothesis

Answer 662

must keep running to stay in the same place- organisms must constantly adapt to avoid extinction

Question 663

mass extinction is

Answer 663

geologically short intervals of intense species extinction at least 40% > 10 M families per year

Question 664

mass extinctions we recognize

Answer 664

``` Late O Late D P-T boundary Late Tri K-T boundary ```

Question 665

mass extinction causes

Answer 665

bolide, climate, volcanism, sea level, ocean chemistry, combinations etc

Question 666

after mass extinction

Answer 666

empty niche spaces rapidly refilled- large increase in diversity

Question 667

Late O extinction

Answer 667

one of coldest times- lots of ice, 2 pulses of extinction (cooling, warming), 60% of maine genera, 25% of families

Question 668

cooling extinctions

Answer 668

sea level decrease, less niche space tropic species can't migrate to a warmer place shallow water species lose habitat

Question 669

warming extinction

Answer 669

rising sea level, glacial melting, cold living species more greatly affected

Question 670

isotopic fractionation

Answer 670

glaciers trap lighter O (16), ocean enriched in heavy O, ocean organisms enriched in heavy O glacial melting- light O returns, ratio ~constant

Question 671

Late D extinction

Answer 671

cause unknown- cooling? meteorite?, mostly affected marine life- 22% marine families, collapsed massive reefs

Question 672

P-T extinction

Answer 672

~245MYA, 95% marine species, 75% land species, most severe extinction, stromatolite increase, regression- loss of niches space

Question 673

P-T ocean life

Answer 673

trilobites, tabulata/rugose corals extinct brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, ammonoids hit hard snails, clams, nautiloids less affected no reefs fro next 15MY first stromatolites in normal environment since O

Question 674

P-T land changes

Answer 674

2 groups of therapsids survive 67% of amphibians extinctinct 30% insect orders extinct

Question 675

P-T causes

Answer 675

plate tectonics, glaciation, ocean chemistry, volcanism, bolide, combination

Question 676

P-T volcanism

Answer 676

siberian flood basalts-- SO2, CO2, block sunlight, cool earth-- CO2 buildup warms earth

Question 677

P-T ocean chemistry

Answer 677

worldwide long term deep-sea anoxia, high pyrite (FeS2), from Pangea formation and current shutdown

Question 678

P-T meteor impact

Answer 678

5-11km, wave of superheated vapour, dust in atmosphere, global cooling, glaciation

Question 679

10 major biological advances to note

Answer 679

origin of life, eukaryotes/origin of sex, multicellularity, skeletons, predation, biological reefs, terrestrialization, trees/forests, flight, consciousness

Question 680

Late Triassic extinction

Answer 680

breakup of pangea, low diversity, high oxidation, stromatolites, warm, condone extinction, large evaporite deposits

Question 681

K-T extinction

Answer 681

``` increased fern spores- cooling? affected marine and terrestrial 60% plankton extinct ammonites, many marine reptiles extinct affected large animals more- dinosaurs, large marine reptiles ```

Question 682

why larger animals didn't pass K-T extinction

Answer 682

higher requirements, lower abundances, slower reproduction

Question 683

why K-T extinction

Answer 683

most likely bolide-- tsunami

Question 684

K-T meteor

Answer 684

Chixulub - Yucutan peninsula of Mexico

Question 685

evidence of K-T meteor

Answer 685

crater of same age, soot (fire), glass spherules (tektites), clay with Ir/Pt enrichment, tsunamites

Question 686

Alvarez hypothesis (1990)

Answer 686

Found increased Ir level in sed. while identifying age of rock using nuclear weapon testing

Question 687

What could Ir enrichment be

Answer 687

volcanic, meteor/rain of comets, cosmic rays from supernova

Question 688

About 70% marine species became extinct

Answer 688

End O extinction

Question 689

largest mass extinction 95% of marine

Answer 689

end P extinction

Question 690

dinosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonites, belemnites extinct

Answer 690

end K extinction

Question 691

most important land extinction- floral overturn >95%

Answer 691

end T extinction

Question 692

extinction impacted trilobites, graptolites, echinoderms, brachiopods

Answer 692

end O extinction

Question 693

extinction affected reef-dwellers, cerracitic ammonites, brachiopods, bivalves

Answer 693

end T extinction

Question 694

extinction severely affected brachiopods, bivalves, foraminifera

Answer 694

end K extinction

Question 695

extinction affected cephalopods, fish, corals

Answer 695

end D extinction

Question 696

extinction marks boundary between dominance of paleozoic and modern fauna

Answer 696

P-T extinction (end P)

Question 697

least understood mass extinction

Answer 697

end D

Question 698

extinction most likely due to major meteorite impact in mexico

Answer 698

end K

Question 699

extinction may relate to formation of Pangea

Answer 699

end P

Question 700

extinction from sudden major glaciation

Answer 700

end O

Question 701

extinction from volcanic activity that was a function of the breakup of pangea

Answer 701

end T

Question 702

stratigraphy

Answer 702

study of the relations of stratified rocks, especially age relationships

Question 703

correlation

Answer 703

determining age correspondence between rocks geographically seperated

Question 704

methods of correlation

Answer 704

``` biostratigraphy lithostratigraphy magnetostratigraphy radiometric dating event stratigraphy sequence stratigraphy ```

Question 705

sequence stratigraphy

Answer 705

global changes in sea level

Question 706

The Principle of Fossil Correlation

Answer 706

similar assemblages of fossils are of similar age and therefore the strata containing them are of similar ages

Question 707

Principles of biostratigraphic correlation

Answer 707

based on strat ranges of fossils rock units with same species must have been deposited during temporal range of that species biostrat units are divided into zones rock layers correlated to biostrat unit by presence of index fossils

Question 708

index fossil

Answer 708

abundant- found easily morphologically distinct- distinguishable Geographically widespread- large-scale correlations wide range of environments- occur in many types of rocks narrow strat range- precise correlation preservable

Question 709

fundamental unit of biostratigraphy

Answer 709

biozone

Question 710

biozone

Answer 710

strat interval defined by occurrence of one or more fossil species/genera

Question 711

biozones are defined by

Answer 711

International Stratigraphic Guide

Question 712

local-range zone

Answer 712

teilzone

Question 713

teilzone

Answer 713

extent of the unit in a certain place | between FAD and LAD of that taxon locally

Question 714

taxon-range zone

Answer 714

between FAD and LAD of that taxon GLOBALLY

Question 715

concurrent-range zone

Answer 715

intersection of the ranges of 2 or more taxa | ex. between FAD of one and LAD of another

Question 716

interval zone

Answer 716

interval between 2 successive FADs OR | 2 successive LADs

Question 717

assemblage zone

Answer 717

characterized by 3+ taxa

Question 718

Oppel zone

Answer 718

special case of assemblage zone | defined by FAD/LAD of 1 taxon but characterized by additional taxa

Question 719

Abundance zone

Answer 719

Peak/Acme/subset of teilzone | index species has high level of abundance locally

Question 720

biostratigraphy is complicated by

Answer 720

Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie

Question 721

stratotype

Answer 721

type section- designated exposure of a named layered strat unit/boundary that serves as the standard of reference.

Question 722

type locality

Answer 722

specific geographic locality where stratotype was described/named

Question 723

type area

Answer 723

type region | geographic are that encompasses stratotype/type locality of strat unit/boundary

Question 724

specific stratal sequence used for definition/characterization of stratigraphic unit being defined

Answer 724

stratotype

Question 725

specific geographic locality where stratotype is situated

Answer 725

type locality

Question 726

isochronous

Answer 726

events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals

Question 727

diachronous

Answer 727

Varying in age from place to place

Question 728

In regards to time, biozones should be

Answer 728

ISOchronous | NOT diachronous

Question 729

why zones may not be isochronous

Answer 729

``` slow dispersal rate from time of origin barriers- ecological restrictions local extinction locally incomplete strat succession locally incomplete sampling local facies change preservation bias ```

Question 730

ICS

Answer 730

international commission of stratigraphy

Question 731

snowball/slushball earth time

Answer 731

Cryogenian period (850-635MYA)

Question 732

snowball earth glaciations

Answer 732

Kaigas, Sturtian, Marinoan

Question 733

end of snowball earth set the stage for

Answer 733

Metazoan life

Question 734

why glaciation was triggered during snowball earth

Answer 734

supercontinent breakup- increased runoff- low CO2

Question 735

snowball earth evidence

Answer 735

paleomagnetic data cap carbonate isotopic ratios BIF formation - low productivity

Question 736

why it is now thought to have been slush ball earth

Answer 736

light had to have been able to penetrate to avoid reverting back to Archean biology

Question 737

evolution of metazoan life dependent on

Answer 737

oxidation state of water | nutrients- glaciation = high erosion = nutrient flux (PO4)

Question 738

main control on primary productivity

Answer 738

PO4

Question 739

led to increased nutrients during snowball earth

Answer 739

glaciation = high erosion = nutrient flux (PO4)

Question 740

altered oxidation state of marine waters during slush ball earth

Answer 740

nutrient flux-- glacial retreat-- algae radiation

Question 741

Metazoans

Answer 741

all animals other than protozoans and sponges multicellular differentiated tissues (Tommotians/SSFs)

Question 742

distinguishes metazoans from plants/algae

Answer 742

digest food in internal chamber | lack rigid cell wall

Question 743

evidence of metazoan life

Answer 743

fecal pellets (early proterozoic, end of snowball period) amino acids, fractionation of C, isotopes (biomarkers) body fossils supplement evidence

Question 744

why do body fossils only supplement the evidence of metazoan life

Answer 744

because they are not abundant enough to use as evidence alone-- first metazoans were mostly soft bodied