(PALM 306) Exam 4

Question 1

Which of the following is a feature of well-fixed tissue?

Answer 1

o Well stained cytoplasm
o Clear chromatin patterns
o Sharply defined cell membranes

Question 2

Which of the following fixatives yields higher immunoreactivity than 10% neutral buffered formalin?

Answer 2

o Zinc formalin

Question 3

The preferred fixative for the demonstration of chromaffin granules and the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is:

Answer 3

o Orth

Question 4

Kidney tissue has been submitted in Michel medium for immunofluorescence studies. Before the histotechnologist performs the required studies, the tissue should be:

Answer 4

o washed in PBS containing 10% sucrose

Question 5

Hollande solution is a modification of which of the following fixatives?

Answer 5

o Bouin solution

Question 6

Clarke solution is used for the fixation of:

Answer 6

o Frozen sections and smears

Question 7

You are getting knife lines using a fresh blade when attempting to section bone. This is likely due to:

Answer 7

o Under decalcification

Question 8

Decalcification with simple acids can be enhanced without negatively effecting the results by all of the following except:

Answer 8

o Heat

Question 9

Alcoholic formalin could be used for all of the following except:

Answer 9

o Gout specimens

Question 10

Which of the following is a chelating agent used for decalcification?

Answer 10

EDTA

Question 11

Which decalcification method uses ammoniated resin covered with formic acid to remove calcium from tissue?

Answer 11

o Ion-exchange

Question 12

This fixative would be preferred for the preservation of eye specimens

Answer 12

Davidson

Question 13

Ethanol is useful as a fixative of

Answer 13

o Glycogen

Question 14

Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended to use for the preservation of phospholipids?

Answer 14

o Calcium formalin

Question 15

Small calcifications may be removed by which of the following fixative solutions?

Answer 15

Gendre

Question 16

When Zenker solution is used as a tissue fixative, it will be necessary to remove which of the following from the tissue?

Answer 16

Mercury Pigment

Question 17

Decalcification is the removal of _______ from tissue for artifact-free paraffin sectioning.

Answer 17

o Calcium minerals

Question 18

A specimen of kidney must be shipped long distance (> 1 day) to another facility for immunofluorescence studies. The specimen should be placed in:

Answer 18

o Michel solution

Question 19

Which of the following fixatives would be recommended for the fixation of specimens for immunoflourescence?

Answer 19

Acetone

Question 20

Chemicals that bind calcium without the aid of acids to remove calcium ions are called:

Answer 20

Chelating agents

Question 21

To facilitate sectioning, a nail specimen or heavily keratinized skin can be placed in:

Answer 21

o Fabric softener
o Nair/Veet
o 0.5% sodium/potassium hydroxide

Question 22

Microscopic evaluation of an H&E stained bone marrow shows nuclear and cellular damage. This was most likely caused by:

Answer 22

o over-decalcification

Question 23

Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed, formalin fixed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This could most likely be prevented in the future by:

Answer 23

o opening the specimen and adding fixative upon receipt

Question 24

Which method used to determine the end point of decalcification cannot be used with a metal containing fixative?

Answer 24

Radiographic

Question 25

Acetone is recommended for the primary fixation of:

Answer 25

o Brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies

Question 26

Cell shrinkage, cytoplasm disruption or separation can result if there is:

Answer 26

o a delay in fixation

Question 27

Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?

Answer 27

o Electrolytic

Question 28

Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?

Answer 28

o Electrolytic

Question 29

All of the following are methods for checking decalcification end point EXCEPT:

Answer 29

o Electrolytic

Question 30

Michel medium is:

Answer 30

o used for transporting unfixed tissue

Question 31

Primary fixation with aldehydes for electron microscopy requires secondary fixation in:

Answer 31

o osmium tetroxide

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a physical method of determining the end point of decalcification?

Answer 32

o Manually bending the specimen

Question 33

What are the chemical components of Bouin solution?

Answer 33

o Picric acid, formaldehyde, acetic acid

Question 34

Which of the following fixatives contains chemicals that would remove microcalcifications in tissue?

Answer 34

Hollande Solution

Question 35

Following fixation with Bouin solution, tissue should be washed with:

Answer 35

o 50% to 70% alcohol

Question 36

Uric acid crystals are preserved ONLY when tissue is fixed in:

Answer 36

o absolute alcohol

Question 37

Which of the following fixatives contains mercuric chloride and formaldehyde

Answer 37

B5

Question 38

Which of the following are the chemical components of Zenker?

Answer 38

o Mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, acetic acid

Question 39

A maximum 2-4 hour fixation time is recommended for this fixative when used for EM.

Answer 39

o Osmium tetroxide

Question 40

Carnoy solution is a combination of which of the following chemicals?

Answer 40

o chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and absolute alcohol

Question 41

When performing the calcium oxalate test to determine the end point of decalcification, a _________ solution indicates complete decalcification.

Answer 41

o Clear

Question 42

Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This most likely resulted from:

Answer 42

o delayed fixation

Question 43

Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended for fixation of central nervous system tissues?

Answer 43

o Formalin ammonium bromide

Question 44

Under-decalcification detected at microtomy can be corrected by:

Answer 44

o Surface decaling

Question 45

Tissue may be stored up to 2 weeks in this transport solution without affecting immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry:

Answer 45

PBS

Question 46

In the electrolytic method of decalcification, the specimen to be decalcified is attached to the anode. The reason for this is that:

Answer 46

o calcium ions will migrate to the cathode

Question 47

Heat will increase the rate of decalcification and:

Answer 47

o Increase the rate of tissue damage

Question 48

Carnoy solution is recommended for the preservation of:

Answer 48

o cytology specimens

Question 49

Bouin solution may be preferred over 10% neutral buffered formalin for:

Answer 49

o GI biopsies

Question 50

Which of the following decalcification acids will react with formaldehyde to form a carcinogen?

Answer 50

o Hydrochloric

Question 51

For decalcification, a large volume to tissue ratio is typically recommended because:

Answer 51

o The acid will deplete as it reacts with calcium in tissue

Question 52

Acetone is typically used for the demonstration of which of the following tissue components?

Answer 52

o Enzymes

Question 53

The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:

Answer 53

o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues

Question 54

Which of the following solutions is used to transport unfixed tissue?

Answer 54

o Michel

Question 55

After decalcification, acid must be removed from the tissue by rinsing in:

Answer 55

o Water

Question 56

Which of the following is a negative characteristic of acetone and alcohol fixation?

Answer 56

o Tissues are overhardened

Question 57

This fixative is recommended for the Trichrome special stain is:

Answer 57

o Bouin

Question 58

H&E sections of liver reveal marked shrinkage and cellular distortion. Which of the following fixatives could cause this?

Answer 58

o Alcohol

Question 59

Which of the following decalcifying acids will not destroy morphology even when tissue is left in the solution for up to two (2) weeks?

Answer 59

o Formic acid

Question 60

Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section fixed in formalin shows marked nuclear bubbling. One most often sees this artifact if the specimen is processed following:

Answer 60

o incomplete fixation

Question 61

Which of the following would prevent bone dust in tissue sections?

Answer 61

o Trim the section surface following decalcification and prior to processing

Question 62

The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:

Answer 62

o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues