PANCE_GI/nutrition 9% Flashcards
(CME)
“A 60 y/o male with a 20 yr hx of ETOH abuse presents with complaints of vomitus containing significant frank blood. This retching has occurred twice in two days. What is the likely diagnosis?
a) infectious esophagitis
b) Mallory-Weiss syndrome
c) scleroderma
d) Zenker’s diverticulum
e) esophageal cancer”
B) MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME
(CME)
“What is the best diagnostic test for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
f) u/s
g) sniff test
h) CBC/electrolytes
i) urease testing for H. pylori
j) gastrin level”
G) GASTRIN LEVEL
(CME)
“A 29 y/o female complains of dysphagia to both solids and liquids and nocturnal cough. Barium swallow reveals delayed esophageal emptying and a bird’s beak deformity. What is the diagnosis?
a) GERD
b) esophageal carcinoma
c) achalasia
d) Boerhaave’s syndrome
e) esophageal webs”
C) ACHALASIA
(CME)
“Meckel’s Divericulum is a congenital condition of the alimentary canal. Near which anatomic site would you find this deformity?
f) cardiac sphincter
g) splenic flexure
h) ileocecal juncture
i) proximal duodenum
j) pyloric sphincter”
H) ILEOCECAL JUNCTURE
(CME)
“which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with gastroparesis?
a) hyperthyroidism
b) diabetes mellitus
c) scleroderma
d) hydroxymorphone
e) metoclopramide”
A) HYPERTHYROIDISM
(CME)
list 6 RF for gastroparesis
DM
scleroderma
hypothyroidism
Parkinson’s disease
opioids
anticholinergic agents
(CME)
s/s of gastroparesis
n/v
feeling full soon after beginning to eat
abd bloating/pain
heartburn
(this was Q on NCCPA practice exam)
(CME)
define gastroparesis
“delayed gastric emptying w/ weak muscular contractions not caused by an obstruction”
(CME)
what prokinetic agents are used in treatment of gastroparesis? what are the two other treatments for gastroparesis?
metoclopramide (Reglan)
domperidone
erythromycin
- - - - - -
treat cause
dietary modifications (sm meals, low fiber diet)
“Which of the following should a pt with celiac sprue NOT eat?
f) oats
g) corn
h) rice
i) arrowroot
j) potatoes”
F) OATS
foods not allowed:
WORMs & Bees:
Wheat
Oats
Rye
MaltS
& Barley
(CME)
“What is a pt considered if they are serologically positive for ONLY anti-HBs?
a) vaccinated status
b) active immunity status
c) chronic and active status
d) chronic and infectious status”
A) VACCINATED STATUS
(CME)
“a healthy 30 yr woman who has not been vaccinated has been exposed to Hep A. Which of the following should she do according to CDC guidelines?
f) receive one prophylactic dose of vaccine as soon as possible within two weeks of exposure
g) receive two doses with one dose now and one in 2 months
h) receive one dose of immune globulin only
i) receive immune globulin + one dose of vaccine in four weeks
j) do nothing - it’s a mild disease”
F) RECEIVE ONE PROPHYLACTICE DOSE OF VACCINE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE WITHIN TWO WEEKS OF EXPOSURE
(CME)
treatment for Hep A
“supportive, postexposure prophylaxis”
(didactic module, Taggart)
how long does recovery take for Hep A?
majority make complete recovery in 2-3 months, may take up to 6-9 months
(didactic module, Taggart)
treatment for Hep A
supportive
(didactic module, Taggart)
s/s of Hep A
1st: abrupt onset of fever, anorexia, malaise, abd pain, diarrhea
then –> dark urine and pale stools
finally - jaundice and pruritis
PE: jaundice, scleral icterus, hepatomegaly, RUQ tenderness to palpation
(didactic module, Taggart)
lab findings for Hep A
ALT>AST
both >1,000 IU/dL
(CME)
“what is the leading cause of ascites in the US?
a) chronic pancreatitis
b) chronic hemodialysis
c) fulminant hepatitis
d) portal hypertension due to CHF
e) cirrhosis of the liver”
E) CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
(CME)
“which serum tumor marker is most closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
f) alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
g) CA 125
h) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
i) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
j) prostate specific antigen (PSA)”
F) ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP)
(CME)
“which bilirubin level is most likely to be the highest in patients with biliary obstruction?
a) conjugated bilirubin
b) unconjugated bilirubin”
A) CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN
(CME)
“A 75 y/o male presents with confusion, decreased reflexes, edema and tachycardia. To which nutritional deficiency is this condition most attributed?
f) Vit B3
g) Vit B1
h) Vit A
i) Vit B6
j) Vit C”
G) VITAMIN B1
(NCCPA Practice Exam)
“A 24 y/o woman who is a marathon runner comes to the office because she has had severe HA during the past 3 wks. She says the pain usually begins upon awakening each a.m. The pt is otherwise healthy and takes no medications other than daily megavitamins. V/S are WNL, and PE shows no abnormalities. Ophthalmologic exam shows papilledema. The most likely dx is toxicity of which of the following vitamins?
a) A
b) B3
c) D
d) E
e) K”
A) VITAMIN A
(CME)
what vitamin deficiency is a common cause of blindness?
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
common cause of blindness, usually starts with night blindness
(CME)
What vitamin deficiencies are connected to poor wound healing?
Vitamin A
and
Vitamin C
(CME)
symptoms of Vit A toxicity
dry scaly skin
hair loss
hepatomegaly
HA
papilledema
vomiting
(RR)
six RF for acute cholecystitis
FAMILY HX (I missed this)
old age
obesity
F>M
multiparity
rapid wt loss
(RR)
two imaging modalities for diagnosis of cholecystitis
initial: U/S
gold std: HIDA
(RR)
is cholecystitis pain steady/constant or intermittent?
it’s steady
also, located in RUQ or epigastric area
(RR)
“what is MC type of gallstone?”
“cholesterol gallstone”
(RR)
what area of the intestine is most likely to suffer ischemia leading to ischemic colitis?
the SPLENIC FLEXURE
This area of the large intestine is prone to ischemia due to the marginal artery of Drummond-artery’s small caliber and potential lack of vasa recta along this portion of the colon
(RR)
what arteries supply the splenic flexure of the large intestine?
this is the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY watershed area
(RR)
what arteries supply the sigmoid colon area?
the INFERIOR MESENTERIC and HYPOGASTRIC ARTERY watershed
(RR)
“Why do patients with right-sided colonic ischemia have a higher rate of mortality and surgical intervention?”
“This more likely involves the superior mesenteric arteries which also supply the small intestine and cause widespread intestinal ischemia.”
(RR)
common PE presentation of ischemic colitis -
abdominal pain out of proportion to the PE
hematochezia
tenesmus
(RR)
common lab presentation of ischemic colitis -
increased serum lactate
LDH
creatine phosphokinase
amylase levels
(RR)
what does CT imaging show for ischemic colitis?
bowel wall edema
(RR)
how do we treat ischemic colitis?
“most cases resolve with supportive care”
(RR)
pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer
inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 leading to prostaglandin deficiency
(prostaglandins protect gastric and duodenal mucosa and are synthesized by enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX))
(RR)
where do COX-1 and COX-2 have effects (in general)?
GI mucosa
kidney
CV
(RR)
where do COX-1 and COX-2 have effects, specifically?
GI mucosa: COX-1
kidney: COX - 1 & 2
CV: COX - 1 & 2
(RR)
“Which NSAID is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor?”
Celecoxib
(RR)
what cholescintigraphy findings are diagnostic of acute cholecystitis?
“NONVISUALIZATION OF THE GALLBLADDER ON DELAYED IMAGES”
(if not visualized within 4 hours, the duct is likely obstructed)
(RR)
what cholescintigraphy findings indicate no disease?
gallbladder visualized within 1 hour after injection of radioactive tracer
(RR) BUZZWORDS
foul-smelling, watery diarrhea and abdominal cramping following pneumonia tx
think C. diff
(RR)
what is the treatment of choice for children with C. diff?
ORAL VANC or ORAL METRONIDAZOLE
“The treatment of choice for mild-to-moderate C.difficile infection in children is oral vancomycin, an alternative is oral metronidazole, however oral vancomycin is more effective.”
(RR)
what is the treatment of choice for adults with C.diff?
nonsevere or severe: ORAL VANC or ORAL FIDAXOMICIN
fulminant: ORAL VANC with PARENTERAL METRONIDAZOLE
(RR)
what strange thing do we do for pts with at least two C. Diff infection recurrences treated with appropriate abx?
fecal transplant
(RR)
MC cause of impacted esophageal food boluses
Schatzki rings
(RR)
what are Schatzki rings?
fibrous structures found in 15% of the population
- associated with hiatal hernia
(RR)
“What medication may be used to facilitate passage of a lower esophageal foreign body prior to endoscopy?”
glucagon
(RR) BUZZWORDS
AST>ALT
2:1
alcoholic hepatitis
(RR)
“What is the difference between unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin?”
“Unconjugated bilirubin is unable to be excreted in the bile and rises in cases of hemolysis and liver disease.
Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into the bile and rises in cases of biliary obstruction.”
(RR)
treatment for alcoholic hepatitis
supportive
(RR)
“How does the presentation of abd pain differ in pts of advanced age?”
“more likely to need an emergent surgical procedure”
(NOT “more likely to present with an elevated WBC”)
(RR)
three statistics about abd pain for older population
50% are admitted
33% have surgery
10% mortality
(RR)
what arteries are most likely involved in an infarct of the descending colon and recto-sigmoid junction?
INFERIOR mesenteric artery
“The left “half” of the large intestine, sigmoid colon and rectum are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery”
(RR)
“small intestine infarction usually occurs from which etiologies?”
“Superior mesenteric arterial embolism or thrombosis, and abdominal venous thrombosis.”
(RR)
“sudden onset left-sided abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Abdominal CT demonstrates thickening of the bowel wall and free peritoneal fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?”
ICHEMIC COLITIS
key finding = CT imaging of bowel wall edema
(RR)
what is the treatment for ischemic colitis?
“most cases resolve with supportive care”