Pancreas

Question 1

FOX01 is associated with transcription of what enzymes?

Answer 1

G6P and PEP-CK

Question 2

What effects are seen in DM1 and not in DM2 that make it more severe?

Answer 2

Resting Lipolysis causing:
High Free FA
Ketoacidosis

Question 3

PGC1a is a co-factor for what enzymes to be transcribed?

Answer 3

G6P and PEP-CK

Question 4

Testosterone effect on Insulin signaling?

Answer 4

Increases
Higher PKB
Increased GLUT4 expression

Question 5

High FA effect on Testosterone?

Answer 5

Converts Testosterone –> Estradiol

Estradiol inhibits T
Low T increases adipose (snowball)

Question 6

Insulin effect on lipase?

Answer 6

Inhibits, resulting in low FA

Question 7

Insulin effects on Liver enzymes?

Answer 7

Increased Glycogen Synthesis
Increased PP1
Decreased Glycogen Synthesis Kinase
Decreased PEP-CK
Decreased G6P

Question 8

PKB direct effects?

Answer 8

Increased GLUT4
Increased PP1
Decreased Glycogen Synthase Kinase
Decreased FOX01

Question 9

PKA direct effects?

Answer 9

Decreased PFK-2

Increased CREB and PCG1a

Question 10

Parasympathetic stimulation (Cholinergic) does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 10

Increased Both

Question 11

Sympathetic stimulation does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 11

Decrease Insulin

Increase Glucagon

Question 12

GLP1 and GIP does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 12

Increase Insulin

Decrease Glucagon

Question 13

Amylin does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 13

Increased Insulin
Decreased glucagon
Also delays gastric emptying

Question 14

SST does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 14

Decrease Both

Question 15

Cortisol and GH does what to Insulin and Glucagon secretion?

Answer 15

Decrease Insulin

Increased Glucagon

Question 16

GIP is secreted by what cells in response to what?

Answer 16

High glucose in meal –> K Cells release

Question 17

SGLT1 is found where?

Answer 17

Intestinal cells

Question 18

SGLT2 is found where?

Answer 18

Kidneys

Question 19

GLUT1 is found where?

Answer 19

Most cells

BBB

Question 20

GLUT2 is found where?

Answer 20

Glucose sensing cells
Liver
Beta Cells
Hypothalamus

Question 21

GLUT3 is found where?

Answer 21

Neurons
Placenta
Testes
WBC

Question 22

GLUT4 is found where?

Answer 22

Insulin dependent Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Adipose

Question 23

GLUT5 is found where?

Answer 23

Fructose transporting cells
Sperm Cells
Intestine

Question 24

HLA DP, DQ, DR are what?

Answer 24

MCHII receptors

Question 25

What happens to MHCII receptors in Type 1 DM?

Answer 25

MHCII doesn't bind well enough to self to be inactivated | Eventually get cross-activated to autoimmunity

Question 26

Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis?

Answer 26

Waistline >40 in men TG >150 BP> 130 HDL < 40 men

Question 27

Metabolic syndrome symptoms?

Answer 27

NONE

Question 28

Metabolic syndrome tx?

Answer 28

Metformin | Statins

Question 29

Which hormone is the "hunger hormone"? | What are its effects on Insulin, SST, and Glucagon?

Answer 29

Ghrelin Increase Glucagon Decrease SST, Insulin

Question 30

Obesity causes adipocytes to release MCP1 which results in what?

Answer 30

Macrophage recruitment which causes TNFa release?

Question 31

What does TNFa released by macrophages do to adipocytes?

Answer 31

Inhibit Insulin effects (Decreased PKB), Increasing lipolysis Decreased GLUT4 receptors Increases Free circulating FA

Question 32

Free FA binds TLR4 in skeletal muscle and Liver causing what?

Answer 32

Decreased Insulin sensitivty

Question 33

How are beta cells destroyed due to increased Insulin secretion in type II DM?

Answer 33

Increased Insulin secretion --> b cell inflammation --> generation of ROS

Question 34

Diagnosis for diabetes?

Answer 34

Fasting gluc >126 two times A1C >6.5% Symptomatic with glucose >200

Question 35

What organ holds the cells that secrete GLP1 and GIP? (Incretins)

Answer 35

Small Intestine

Question 36

Pancreatic Polypeptide is secreted by what cells?

Answer 36

PP (F) cells

Question 37

Pancreatic polypeptide function?

Answer 37

``` Inhibit exocrine pancreas Relax GallBladder (Decreased secretion) ```