where is the pancreas located
back of abdomen behind the stomach
what do alpha cells secrete
glucagon
what do beta cells secrete
insulin
which cells secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
delta
Acini glands secrete digestive juices into ____
duodenum
Insulin causes carbs to be stored as ____ in ___ and ___
glycogen, muscle, liver
insulin causes ___ storage in adipose tissue
fat
excess carb that cannot be converted to glycogen are converted to ____ and stored ___
fats, adipose tissue
insulin promotes uptake of ___ and converstion to ___
amino acids and protein
amino acids lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
stimulation
beta-keto acids lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
stimulation
acethylcholine, intestinal hormones lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
stimuation
sulfonlura drugs lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
stimulation
catecholamines (alpha-agonists) lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
inhibition
somatostain lead to insulin stimulation or inhibition?
inhibition
T/F Insulin circulates bound to albumin
FALSE - circulates almost entirely unbound with plasma half life of 6min
____ degrades unused insulin in liver, some degraded by kidney, muscles
insulinase
T/F Neurons are permeable to glucose
TRUE
Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ glycogenolysis
inhibits
Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ gluconeogensis
inhibits
Anabolic effects of insulin - ______ glycogenesis
increases - glycogen is storage form of glucose
anabolic effects of insulin - faciliatates entry of glucose into cells of all tissues except ___, ___ , ____, and ____
brain, kidney tubuless, intestinal mucose, and RBCs
anabolic effects of insulin means
storing glucose for later use
anabolic effects of insulin - ___ hepatic uptake, storage, and use of glucose
increases
anabolic effects of insulin - ____ protein synthesis
increases
anabolic effects of insulin - ___ protein catabolism and ____ gluconeogenesis
inhibits, depresses
insulin ___ fat synthesis and storage and ___ lipolysis enzymes
increases and inhibits
exercise and insulin ___ permeability and amino acid uptake
increase
glucagon ___ blood glucose concentration and can cause ___
increases, hyperglycemia
Glucagon is catabolic - generally opposes insulin but ___ insulin release
stimulates
glucagon activates enzymes for ____
glycogenolysis
glucagon ___ gluconeogenesis
increases
glucagon ___ lipolysis and ketogenesis
increases (inhibits triglyceride storage in liver
glucagon ___ proteolysis and flow of amino acids from muscle to liver for gluconeogenesis
increases
T/F Glucagon enhances heart strength, increases blood flow in some tissues, enhances bile secretion, and inhibits gastrc acid secretion
TRUE
amino acides (protein meal) ___ glucagon
stimulates
beta-adrenergic stimulation ___ glucagon
stimulates
T/F Exercise stimulates insulin
FALSE – glucagon. not associated with hypoglycemia, but may be a response to increased circulating amino acids
cholecystokinin, gastrin, and cortisol ___ glucagon
stimulates
high glucose levels, somatostatin, free fatty acids, ketones, and insulin ___ glucagon
inhibit
Carb Metabolism - Anabolic (synthesis) Post prandial phase:
- insulin release begins at ___mg/dl glucose
- peaks at ___
- after eating, plasma insulin concentration increases almost 10-fold in __min due to dumping of preformed, stored insulin
- level decreases in ___min
- at __min, new insulin plateau is reached d/t more release and synthesis
- shut off is in ___ after level under ___
100 4-600 10-fold in 3-5min 5-10min 15 3-5 min, under 80
in the catabolic phase (fasting), needs are met only by ___ sources
endogenous
T/F the brain can function on glucose and ketones
TRUE
what happens at 12-24h of catabolic phase
liver glycogen is sufficient for the brain
what happens at 24h of catabolic phase:
gluconeogenesis uses AA’s glycerol and lactate to make glucose
T/F Days 2-4 of carb metabolism- fat stores broken down to free fatty acids for tissues, some glucose, but primarily ketones for brain
TRUE
