Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

What is the exocrine function for the pancreas and liver?

Answer 1

They are accessory organs for intestines

Question 2

What do the pancreas and liver provide to the intestines?

Answer 2

Provide excretion (digestive enzymes, HCO3-) directly into intestine lumen to digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Question 3

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas and liver?

Answer 3

Regulate blood borne energy substrate availability via hormones

Therefore after absorption

Question 4

Where do the digestive pro-enzymes enter the small intestines?

Answer 4

Enter from the pancreatic duct to the 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 5

Where does the pancreas sit?

Answer 5

Behind the retroperitoneal lining

Sits in a c-shape curve of the duodenum

Question 6

What allows secretion into the duodenum from the gall bladder and pancreas?

Answer 6

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 7

Where does the portal vein form?

Answer 7

Behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

Question 8

What is the blood supply of the pancreas?

Answer 8

Splenic artery

Anterior and posterior superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

Anterior and posterior inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

Question 9

What is the origin of the splenic artery?

Answer 9

Coeliac trunk

Question 10

What is the origin of the pancreatico-duodenal arteries?

Answer 10

Superior mesenteric artery

Coeliac trunk

Question 11

What are the primary functions of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 11

Neutralise the very acidic bolus that has arrived from the stomach

Deliver enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

Question 12

What are pancreatic acinar cells?

Answer 12

Main secretory cells in pancreas

Question 13

What connect clusters of acinar cells?

Answer 13

Intercalated ducts

Question 14

Where do intercalating ducts flow into?

Answer 14

Intralobular ducts

Question 15

What do acinar cells secrete?

Answer 15

Sodium, potassium, chlorine and bicarbonate

Question 16

What do ductal cells secrete?

Answer 16

Serous and bicarbonate

Question 17

What is the cephalic phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

Answer 17

25%

Question 18

What is the gastric phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

What is the intestinal phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

Answer 19

65%

Question 20

What is the gastric phase of digestion controlled by?

Answer 20

Vagovagal reflexes

Question 21

What controls the intestinal phase of digestion?

Answer 21

Secretin and CCK

Question 22

What controls the cephalic phase of digestion?

Answer 22

Vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

Question 23

What granules in the acinar cells house digestive enzymes?

Answer 23

Zymogen granules

Question 24

What are digestive enzymes released to?

Answer 24

In response to CCK, VIP and gastric-releasing peptide

Question 25

What happens when CCK enters the blood stream?

Answer 25

They travel to pancreatic acinar cells and bind to CCK receptors These then force the zymogen granules to be exocytose and release the digestive enzymes into the intestinal space

Question 26

How do acinar cells secrete chlorine and what does this allow?

Answer 26

Basolateral binding of CCK and ACh stimulates chlorine across the apical membrane This then facilitates the paracellular water and sodium movement

Question 27

How do intercalated ductal cells secrete chlorine and bicarbonate?

Answer 27

Secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells These activate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators, chlorine channels and chlorine-bicarbonate co-transporters

Question 28

What can flow rate change in pancreatic secretion rate?

Answer 28

Increased in flow rate will increase the concentration of bicarbonate but will decrease chlorine

Question 29

What does flow rate no effect?

Answer 29

Sodium and potassium

Question 30

What surrounds the liver?

Answer 30

Peritoneum apart from the bare area

Question 31

What completely surrounds the liver?

Answer 31

Glisson's capsule

Question 32

What is the Glisson's capsule?

Answer 32

Thin connective tissue later with extensions into the organ between the lobules

Question 33

What is the blood supply of the liver?

Answer 33

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

Question 34

Function of the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 34

Bringing absorbed nutrients from the stomach and gut to the liver

Question 35

Function of the hepatic artery?

Answer 35

Supplies the hepatocytes with oxygen

Question 36

What are the different lobes of the liver?

Answer 36

Left Right Caudate Quadrate Spigelian

Question 37

What separates the left and right lobes?

Answer 37

Falciform ligament

Question 38

What are the main functions of the live?

Answer 38

Synthesis and secretion of bile Storage of glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins and fats Detoxification of metabolic waste Synthesis of blood clotting and anticoagulant factors

Question 39

What is bile made from?

Answer 39

Bile pigments Cholesterol Phospholipids Fatty acids Water Electrolytes

Question 40

What is the main bile pigment?

Answer 40

Bilirubin

Question 41

What is bilirubin?

Answer 41

An orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of haemoglobin

Question 42

What are the role of bile salts?

Answer 42

Detergent and emulsifying effect of bile on fats

Question 43

What do hepatocytes do?

Answer 43

Secrete bile into canaliculi across a series of bile ducts until they from the common hepatic duct

Question 44

What is the flow of bile in relation to the hepatic artery and vein?

Answer 44

The opposite

Question 45

Where can bile travel from?

Answer 45

From the common bile duct into the duodenum or into the gall bladder

Question 46

What decides the end point of bile?

Answer 46

Sphincter of Oddi When relaxed, mainly to duodenum When contracted to gall bladder

Question 47

What is the effect of bile acids in bile?

Answer 47

Emulsify lipids

Question 48

What is the effect of water and electrolytes in the bile?

Answer 48

Water is reabsorbed by the changes in isosmotic pressure to concentrate the bile

Question 49

What regulates the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 49

CCK

Question 50

What is the effect of CCK on the gall bladder?

Answer 50

Expel bile

Question 51

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on the gall bladder?

Answer 51

Weak contraction

Question 52

What inhibits bile acid secretion?

Answer 52

Somatostatin and noradrenaline

Question 53

What processes does the liver do in regards to metabolism?

Answer 53

Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Question 54

What does the liver detoxify?

Answer 54

Removal of ammonia and ethanol and drug biotransformation

Question 55

What is the immune function of the liver?

Answer 55

Removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood