Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 4 general causes of acute inflammatory responses?

Answer 1

Microbial infections

Hypersensitivity

Physical agents

Chemical agents

Question 2

What are the 5 symptoms to recognise acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Red- rubor

Hot- calor

Swollen- tumor

Painful/tender- dolor

Loss of function

Question 3

What is redness caused by?

Answer 3

Dilation of blood vessels

Question 4

What is swelling caused by?

Answer 4

Mainly due to oedema

Question 5

What are the two phases of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Initial and

Question 6

What are the two phases of the initial reaction?

Answer 6

Vascular phase

Exudative phase

Question 7

What happens in the vascular phase?

Answer 7

Dilation and increased permeability

Question 8

What happens in the exudative phase?

Answer 8

Fluid and cells escape from permeable venules

Question 9

What is the characteristic cell in acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Neutrophil polymorph

Question 10

What happens to capillaries in acute inflammation?

Answer 10

Precapillary sphincter opens to allow blood flow into capillary beds

Question 11

What happens to the plasma protein in acute inflammation?

Answer 11

There us a net flow out of the arterial and venous system

Question 12

What is the protein content in the exudate phase?

Answer 12

Higher than normal

Question 13

What plasma proteins are released in the exudate phase?

Answer 13

Immunoglobins

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

Question 14

Why are immunoglobins important?

Answer 14

Important for destruction of invading organisms

Question 15

What happens to fibrinogen in exudate phase?

Answer 15

It is converted to fibrin

Question 16

What happens to the fluid developed in the exudate phase?

Answer 16

It is continuously removed via lymphatics

Question 17

What is the transudate state ?

Answer 17

Normal state

Question 18

What is the exudate phase in relation to the transudate?

Answer 18

Net flow out

Increased vascular permeability

High protein content

Question 19

What does histamine and bradykinin do?

Answer 19

Increase vascular permeability

Question 20

How is increased vascular permeability brought about?

Answer 20

Stimulation of endothelial cell and changes in the cytoskeleton which cause transient, intercellular gaps

Question 21

What happens to the lymphatic system in inflammation?

Answer 21

The lymphatics dilate and drain fluid from the exudate

The antigens are then carried to the lymph nodes and these are recognised by lymphocytes

Question 22

What causes swollen lymph nodes in response to an infection?

Answer 22

The increase of B cells within the B cell area in reaction to the higher number of antigens

Question 23

Where does fluid enter and leave the lymph node?

Answer 23

Afferent lymphatic

Efferent lymphatic

Question 24

What is lymphangitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

Question 25

What is lymphadenitis?

Answer 25

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

Question 26

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 26

Kill organisms Degrade necrotic tissue Ingest offending agents Produce chemical mediators Produce toxic oxygen radicals Produce tissue damaging enzymes

Question 27

Describe diapedesis in acute inflammation

Answer 27

The neutrophils adhere to the vessel wall (pavementing) and squeeze through the endothelial cells into the adventitia

Question 28

What do selectins control?

Answer 28

The adherence of neutrophils to the post capillary venule wall

Question 29

What do integrins and immunoglobin I like cells do?

Answer 29

Activation of transmigration

Question 30

What is neutrophil chemotaxis?

Answer 30

When neutrophils move along a concentration gradient of chemotactic compounds which lead to the antigen

Question 31

How does the body react to chemical injury that cause acute inflammation?

Answer 31

By releasing chemical mediators

Question 32

What are the effects of chemical mediators?

Answer 32

Vasodilation Emigration of neutrophils Chemotaxis Increased vascular permeability Itching and pain

Question 33

What are the four enzymatic cascade systems contained in plasma?

Answer 33

Complement cascade The kinins The coagulation factors Fibrinolytic system

Question 34

How are most micro-organisms recognised?

Answer 34

Coated in opsonins These opsonins then can bind to specific receptors of leucocytes and greatly enhance phagocytosis

Question 35

What are some major opsonins?

Answer 35

Fc fragment of IgG C3b Collectins

Question 36

What are some classic signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 36

Serous Catarrhal Fibrinous Haemorrhagic Suppurative Membranous Pseudomembranous

Question 37

What is serous?

Answer 37

Protein rich fluid exudate

Question 38

What is catarrhal?

Answer 38

Mucus hypersecretion

Question 39

What is fibrinous?

Answer 39

Exudate contains plentiful fibrin

Question 40

What is haemorrhagic?

Answer 40

Severe vascular injury

Question 41

What is suppurative?

Answer 41

Production of pus

Question 42

What is membranous?

Answer 42

Epithelium coated by fibrin

Question 43

What is pseudomembranous?

Answer 43

Superficial mucosal slough

Question 44

What is pus made from?

Answer 44

Neutrophils, bacteria and cellular debris

Question 45

What is an abscess?

Answer 45

Collection of pus surrounded by a membrane of sprouting capillaries, neutrophils and occasional fibroblasts

Question 46

What is an ulcer?

Answer 46

Local defect or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue

Question 47

What is some benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 47

Dilution of toxins Entry of antibodies Fibrin formation- impedes movement of microorganisms Transport of drugs Delivery of nutrients and oxygen Stimulation of the immune response

Question 48

What is NETosis?

Answer 48

When a neutrophil meets its target, it explodes releasing all its DNA which binds to the pathogens

Question 49

What are some harmful effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 49

Digestion of normal tissues Swelling Inappropriate inflammatory response

Question 50

What is type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 50

Allergic reaction

Question 51

What is an allergic reaction caused by?

Answer 51

Allergen recognised by immune system Immune system releasing IgE which then bind to mast cells and cause the release of inflammatory mediators

Question 52

How is fever generated in acute inflammation?

Answer 52

Infectious agents, immunological and toxic reactions cause release of endogenous pyrogens These then enter the preoptic nucleus hypothalamus which increases the temperature

Question 53

Examples of endogenous pyrogens

Answer 53

Interleukin 1 Interleukin 6 Tumour Necrosis Factor

Question 54

What are some haematological changes seen in acute inflammation?

Answer 54

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate Anaemia Leucocytosis

Question 55

What process from acute inflammation leads to suppuration?

Answer 55

Excessive exudate

Question 56

What process from acute inflammation leads to repair and organisation?

Answer 56

Excessive necrosis

Question 57

What process from acute inflammation leads to chronic inflammation?

Answer 57

Persistent chemical agent