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MD2001 Week 4 > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 general causes of acute inflammatory responses?

A

Microbial infections

Hypersensitivity

Physical agents

Chemical agents

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2
Q

What are the 5 symptoms to recognise acute inflammation?

A

Red- rubor

Hot- calor

Swollen- tumor

Painful/tender- dolor

Loss of function

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3
Q

What is redness caused by?

A

Dilation of blood vessels

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4
Q

What is swelling caused by?

A

Mainly due to oedema

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5
Q

What are the two phases of acute inflammation?

A

Initial and

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6
Q

What are the two phases of the initial reaction?

A

Vascular phase

Exudative phase

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7
Q

What happens in the vascular phase?

A

Dilation and increased permeability

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8
Q

What happens in the exudative phase?

A

Fluid and cells escape from permeable venules

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9
Q

What is the characteristic cell in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil polymorph

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10
Q

What happens to capillaries in acute inflammation?

A

Precapillary sphincter opens to allow blood flow into capillary beds

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11
Q

What happens to the plasma protein in acute inflammation?

A

There us a net flow out of the arterial and venous system

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12
Q

What is the protein content in the exudate phase?

A

Higher than normal

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13
Q

What plasma proteins are released in the exudate phase?

A

Immunoglobins

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

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14
Q

Why are immunoglobins important?

A

Important for destruction of invading organisms

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15
Q

What happens to fibrinogen in exudate phase?

A

It is converted to fibrin

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16
Q

What happens to the fluid developed in the exudate phase?

A

It is continuously removed via lymphatics

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17
Q

What is the transudate state ?

A

Normal state

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18
Q

What is the exudate phase in relation to the transudate?

A

Net flow out

Increased vascular permeability

High protein content

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19
Q

What does histamine and bradykinin do?

A

Increase vascular permeability

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20
Q

How is increased vascular permeability brought about?

A

Stimulation of endothelial cell and changes in the cytoskeleton which cause transient, intercellular gaps

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21
Q

What happens to the lymphatic system in inflammation?

A

The lymphatics dilate and drain fluid from the exudate

The antigens are then carried to the lymph nodes and these are recognised by lymphocytes

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22
Q

What causes swollen lymph nodes in response to an infection?

A

The increase of B cells within the B cell area in reaction to the higher number of antigens

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23
Q

Where does fluid enter and leave the lymph node?

A

Afferent lymphatic

Efferent lymphatic

24
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

25
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

26
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Kill organisms

Degrade necrotic tissue

Ingest offending agents

Produce chemical mediators

Produce toxic oxygen radicals

Produce tissue damaging enzymes

27
Q

Describe diapedesis in acute inflammation

A

The neutrophils adhere to the vessel wall (pavementing) and squeeze through the endothelial cells into the adventitia

28
Q

What do selectins control?

A

The adherence of neutrophils to the post capillary venule wall

29
Q

What do integrins and immunoglobin I like cells do?

A

Activation of transmigration

30
Q

What is neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

When neutrophils move along a concentration gradient of chemotactic compounds which lead to the antigen

31
Q

How does the body react to chemical injury that cause acute inflammation?

A

By releasing chemical mediators

32
Q

What are the effects of chemical mediators?

A

Vasodilation

Emigration of neutrophils

Chemotaxis

Increased vascular permeability

Itching and pain

33
Q

What are the four enzymatic cascade systems contained in plasma?

A

Complement cascade

The kinins

The coagulation factors

Fibrinolytic system

34
Q

How are most micro-organisms recognised?

A

Coated in opsonins

These opsonins then can bind to specific receptors of leucocytes and greatly enhance phagocytosis

35
Q

What are some major opsonins?

A

Fc fragment of IgG

C3b

Collectins

36
Q

What are some classic signs of acute inflammation?

A

Serous

Catarrhal

Fibrinous

Haemorrhagic

Suppurative

Membranous

Pseudomembranous

37
Q

What is serous?

A

Protein rich fluid exudate

38
Q

What is catarrhal?

A

Mucus hypersecretion

39
Q

What is fibrinous?

A

Exudate contains plentiful fibrin

40
Q

What is haemorrhagic?

A

Severe vascular injury

41
Q

What is suppurative?

A

Production of pus

42
Q

What is membranous?

A

Epithelium coated by fibrin

43
Q

What is pseudomembranous?

A

Superficial mucosal slough

44
Q

What is pus made from?

A

Neutrophils, bacteria and cellular debris

45
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Collection of pus surrounded by a membrane of sprouting capillaries, neutrophils and occasional fibroblasts

46
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Local defect or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue

47
Q

What is some benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Dilution of toxins

Entry of antibodies

Fibrin formation- impedes movement of microorganisms

Transport of drugs

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen

Stimulation of the immune response

48
Q

What is NETosis?

A

When a neutrophil meets its target, it explodes releasing all its DNA which binds to the pathogens

49
Q

What are some harmful effects of acute inflammation?

A

Digestion of normal tissues

Swelling

Inappropriate inflammatory response

50
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic reaction

51
Q

What is an allergic reaction caused by?

A

Allergen recognised by immune system

Immune system releasing IgE which then bind to mast cells and cause the release of inflammatory mediators

52
Q

How is fever generated in acute inflammation?

A

Infectious agents, immunological and toxic reactions cause release of endogenous pyrogens

These then enter the preoptic nucleus hypothalamus which increases the temperature

53
Q

Examples of endogenous pyrogens

A

Interleukin 1

Interleukin 6

Tumour Necrosis Factor

54
Q

What are some haematological changes seen in acute inflammation?

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Anaemia

Leucocytosis

55
Q

What process from acute inflammation leads to suppuration?

A

Excessive exudate

56
Q

What process from acute inflammation leads to repair and organisation?

A

Excessive necrosis

57
Q

What process from acute inflammation leads to chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent chemical agent

MD2001 Week 4 (10 decks)

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