Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

overall what is the exocrine function of the pancreas and liver

Answer 1

accessory organ for intestines 
provides excretions (digestive enzymes, HCO3)directly into intestine lumen

Question 2

overall what is the endocrine function of the pancreas and liver

Answer 2

regulate blood borne energy substrate avaliable (after absorption) via hormones - glucose , fatty acids

Question 3

what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 3

digestive pro-enxymes are secreted via the pancreatic duct into the 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 4

where is the pancreas located

Answer 4

retroperitoneal except its tail, lies behind the lining of the abdomnial cavity, difficult to acces and is close to major blood vessels

Question 5

what does the main pancreatic duct combine with

Answer 5

the common bile duct from the liver and gall bladder which then combine together and both enter the duodenum

Question 6

where does the portal vein form in relation to the pancreas

Answer 6

behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

Question 7

pancreatic blood supply

Answer 7

mainly via splenic artery from coeliac trunk

pancreatic-duodenal (superior and inferior and anterior and posterior) arteries from SMA or coeliac trunk

Question 8

main exocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 8

primary - neutralise acid (coming just from stomach)

deliever enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

Question 9

what are acinar cells

Answer 9

main secretory cells in the pancreas, clusters connected by intercalated ducts

Question 10

what else is in the intercalated ducts in the pancreas other than acinar cells

Answer 10

lining cells add ions and secretions after the acinar cells

Question 11

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the cephalic phase

Answer 11

vagus nerve stimulates secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

25% of secretions

Question 12

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the gastric phase

Answer 12

medicated by vagovagal relfexes (10%)

Question 13

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the intestinal phase

Answer 13

hormonally by secretin and CCK (65%)

Question 14

when are zymogen granules secreted

Answer 14

in response to CCK and VIP

Question 15

what are zymogen granules

Answer 15

house inactive and active digestive enzymes

Question 16

how are zymogen granules secreted

Answer 16

exocytosed (regulated hormonally and neurally) from acinar cells into luminal space

Question 17

where do ion and serous fluid secretion occur

Answer 17

acinar and intercalated duct cells

Question 18

how do the acinar cells release ions

Answer 18

basolateral CCK and ACh binding stimulates CL transport (facilitates paracellular Na)

Question 19

how do intercalated ductal cells secrete ions

Answer 19

secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells , activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulators

Question 20

what alters ionic concentration

Answer 20

flow rate of secretions

increased flow rate - HCO3 increases , Cl decreases

Question 21

where is the liver located

Answer 21

lies across upper abdomen under diaphragm, surronded by peritoneum except from bare area (may be palpable )

Question 22

what is Glisson’s capusle

Answer 22

surronds the liver, CT layer with extensions into the organ between lobules

Question 23

what is the liver’s supply of nutrients from the stomach and gut

Answer 23

hepatic portal vein

Question 24

what does the hepatic artery supply

Answer 24

hepatocytes with oxygen

Question 25

how is bile drained in the liver

Answer 25

via canaliculi that lie between the hepatocytes into bile ductules and eventually into bile ducts

Question 26

where is th venous drainage in the liver

Answer 26

by hepatic veins that enter via IVC

Question 27

liver and surronding anatomy

Answer 27

has right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament quadrate lobe next to gall bladder caudate lobe next to IVC (posterior) bare area is diaphragmatic surface of liver

Question 28

what are the functions of the liver

Answer 28

- synthesis and secretion of bile - storage of glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins and fat - detoxification of metabolic waste - synthesis of blood clotting and anticoagulant factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin)

Question 29

what are the components of bile

Answer 29

bile acids, electrolytesm cholesterolm phospholipds and bilirubin

Question 30

how are bile pigments (mainly bilirubin) dervived

Answer 30

breakdown product of haemoglobin (kupffer cells)

Question 31

what are bile agents responsible for

Answer 31

the detergent and emulsifying effect of bile on fats , increase absorption of fats by the small intestine

Question 32

what do hepatocytes do

Answer 32

secrete bile into the canaliculi across the series of bile ducts until form common hepatic duct

Question 33

what way is bile flow

Answer 33

bile flow from hepatocytes is in the opposite direction of blood from hepatic artery and portal vein

Question 34

where does the bile travel to

Answer 34

goes from common bile duct into the duodenum or into the gall bladder

Question 35

what does the sphincter of Oddi control

Answer 35

the path of the bile - contracted the bile mainly goes to gallbladder - relaxed mainly goes to duodenum

Question 36

what is the sphincter relaxtion regulated by

Answer 36

primarily by CCK

Question 37

what do bile acids do

Answer 37

emulsify lipids

Question 38

what does the gall bladder do

Answer 38

stores and distributes bile - in concentrated form, less is needed to have the same effect

Question 39

how does the gall bladder release bile

Answer 39

contracts to expel bile in response to CCK

Question 40

what does vagal stimulation do to the gall bladder

Answer 40

causes weak gall bladder contraction

Question 41

what inhibits bile acid secretion in gall bladder

Answer 41

somatostatin and noradrenaline

Question 42

what are the non-biliary liver functions

Answer 42

metabolism of CHO , protein and fat - glycogen detoxification - removal of ammonia, ethanol, drug biotransformation immune system function - removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood so none in systemic circulation