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AQA GCSE Biology 9-1 > (Paper 1) 1.1 Cells: Structure, Organelles, Microscopy > Flashcards

(Paper 1) 1.1 Cells: Structure, Organelles, Microscopy Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of a ‘cell’?

A

The smallest unit of life that can operate independently

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2
Q

Size range of animal cells

A

0.01mm - 0.05mm

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3
Q

Size range of plant cells

A

0.01mm - 0.10mm

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4
Q

In compound microscopes (the ones in class), what two parts magnify the specimen?

A

the eyepiece and the objective lens

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5
Q

If the magnification of an eyepiece is x6 and the magnification of the objective lens is x100, what is the magnification of the compound microscope? (2 Marks)

A

6 x 100

= 600 times magnification

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6
Q

What is the formula for magnification, given the size of the image and the size of the specimen?

A

Magnification = Image size / size of real object

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7
Q

Using the magnification triangle, given the magnification and the size of the specimen. How do you work out the size of the image?

A

size of real object x magnification

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8
Q

Using the magnification triangle, given the size of the image and the magnification, how do you work out the size of the real object?

A

size of image / magnification

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9
Q

What is the smallest size that can be seen with the human eye

A

0.05mm

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10
Q

What are the risks of using a microscope?

A

illumination can be too bright and damage the naked eye.

Care must be taken when handling the coverslips, slides and dyes

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11
Q

When viewing cells, what is the purpose of iodine solution?

A

to stain the cell specimen, allowing for viewing in more detail

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12
Q

When was the first compound microscope invented?

A

1590s by dutch glasses makers

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13
Q

What was the magnification of the first compound microscopes

A

3x to 9x magnification

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14
Q

When was the compound microscope first used to view cells

A

1650

A British scientist observed and drew a cell using a compound microscope

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15
Q

What is the limiting factor of light microscopes to see cellular substructures in detail

A

resolving power

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16
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope

A

200 nanometers or 0.2 micrometers

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17
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEMs) and transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

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18
Q

What is the benefit of using SEM microscopes

A

A large field of view, therefore can be used to surface structures of specimens

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19
Q

What is the benefit of using TEM microscopes

A

very high resolving power and can magnify tiny specimens. Some now have a resolving power of less than 1 nanometer

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20
Q

What 3 cellular substructures (in animal cells) can be viewed with a light microscope

A

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Nucleus

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21
Q

What 2 cellular substructures (in animal cells) can be viewed with an electron microscope but not a light microscope

A

Ribosomes, Mitochondria

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22
Q

A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.

23
Q

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

Study These Flashcards
A

Nucleus (in Eukaryotic cells), plasmids and freely in the cytoplasm (In prokaryotic cells)

24
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane and how does its morphology enable it’s function?

Study These Flashcards
A

Its structure is partially permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

25
Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.
Mitochondria
26
What occurs in ribosomes
protein synthesis
27
What 3 organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not
Cell wall, Chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
28
Organelles that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Chloroplast
29
What organelle in plant cells is made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.
Cell wall
30
What organelle in plant cells is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid?
Permanent vacuole
31
What tool do we use to measure cell size
eye-piece graticule
32
Step 1 of measuring cell size
Place a stage micrometer on the stage of the microscope.
33
Step 2 of measuring cell size
Line up one of the divisions on the eyepiece graticule with a fixed point on the stage micrometer.
34
Step 3 of measuring cell size
Count the number of divisions on the eyepiece graticule that correspond with a set measurement on the stage micrometer.
35
Step 4 of measuring cell size
Calculate the distance in micrometres of one division on the eyepiece graticule.
36
What 4 types of organisms are Eukaryotic
Animals, Plants, multicellular Fungi and protists
37
What 2 types of organisms are prokaryotic
Unicellular fungi (for example, yeast) and bacteria
38
What is the size range for prokaryotic cells
0.2-2 micrometers
39
What 3 organelles are never in prokaryotic cells
Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
40
What is the distinguishing charecteristic between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells do not hold their genetic material in a nucleus. Instead, it is found freely in the cytoplasm with additional strands found in plasmids
41
How do prokarytic cells divide?
Binary fission
42
How do Eukaryotic cells divide?
Mitosis
43
What specialisation in sperm cells allows the head to penetrate a female egg
The acrosome in the head contains enzymes so that the sperm can penetrate an egg.
44
A sperm cell needs energy to swim, where is this energy stored?
The middle piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and fertilise the egg.
45
What strucutural specialisation allows a sperm cell to swim?
It has a tail (Flagellum).
46
What organelle allows for electrical impulses to be sent along long distances in nerve cells
They have a mylien sheath (fatty layer) surrounding the axon to insulate the nerve impulse
47
How is a nerve cell structurally adapted to communicate with many other nerve cells and relay signals
The have many dendrites (branches) that extend from the soma to connect with the synapse of other nerve cells
48
Muscle cells contain filaments of (what) that allow them to slide over one another to cause muscle contraction
Muscle cells contain filaments of protein that allow them to slide over one another to cause muscle contraction
49
What are the 2 specialisations of root hair cells?
The root hair cell has a large surface area to provide contact with soil water. It has thin walls so as not to restrict the movement of water.
50
Xylem cells have a continuous body of water flowing through them and can support the plant's turgidity. How are they specialised for this?
There are no top and bottom walls between xylem vessels, so there is a continuous column of water running through them. Their walls become thickened and woody. They therefore support the plant.
51
What cells in plants support the movement of sugar and amino acids by providing the phloem with enough energy?
Companion cells, adjacent to the sieve tubes, provide the energy required to transport substances in the phloem.
52
What cells in plants allow for the translocation of sugars and amino acids
Phloem
53
What type of cell is a virus?
a virus is not classed as a cell as it does not meet the seven requirements of life, where class them as 'acellular'
54
How are red blood cells adapted to the function of transporting oxygen?
They are biconcave and don't contain a nucleus, so they have a lot of free space and a large surface area

AQA GCSE Biology 9-1 (29 decks)

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