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AQA GCSE Biology 9-1 > (Paper 2) 6.1 Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution: Genes > Flashcards

(Paper 2) 6.1 Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution: Genes Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent.

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2
Q

Are gametes involved in asexual reproduction?

A

No. There is no fusion of gametes.

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3
Q

What is the genetic relationship between parent and offspring in asexual reproduction?

A

The offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent.

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4
Q

Name four examples of organisms or structures that reproduce asexually.

A

Bacteria

Spores in fungi

Runners in strawberries

Tubers in potatoes and bulbs in daffodils

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5
Q

What process is used in asexual reproduction to create clones?

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle leading to mitosis?

A

Cell growth and increase of sub-cellular structures

DNA replication (genetic material is copied)

Mitosis (chromosome separation and cell division)

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7
Q

Name three functions of mitosis in multicellular organisms.

A

Growth

Repair of damaged tissues

Replacement of worn-out cells

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8
Q

How many parents are needed for sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents.

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9
Q

What are gametes and what is their chromosome number?

A

Gametes are sex cells with half the number of chromosomes (haploid).

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10
Q

What is the process where male and female gametes combine?

A

Fertilisation.

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11
Q

What is formed when gametes fuse during fertilisation?

A

A zygote with the full number of chromosomes (diploid).

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12
Q

What gametes are involved in animals and flowering plants?

A

Animals: Sperm and egg

Flowering plants: Pollen and egg

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13
Q

What is the result of sexual reproduction in terms of genetics?

A

It produces genetically different offspring, leading to variation.

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14
Q

What type of cell division creates gametes?

A

Meiosis.

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15
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In the male and female reproductive organs.

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16
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A
  1. Genetic material is copied
  2. The cell divides twice
  3. Four haploid gametes are produced
  4. Gametes are genetically different
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17
Q

What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?

A

It divides by mitosis, and cells begin to differentiate as the embryo develops.

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18
Q

What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction in terms of genetics?

A

It produces variation in the offspring.

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19
Q

How does variation from sexual reproduction help a species?

A

It helps the species adapt to new environments, giving a survival advantage.

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20
Q

How does sexual reproduction reduce the impact of disease?

A

Disease is less likely to affect all individuals due to genetic variation.

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21
Q

How do humans use sexual reproduction to increase food production?

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A

Through selective breeding.

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

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A

Time and energy needed to find a mate

Not possible for isolated individuals

23
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

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A

Rapid population growth in favourable conditions

Only one parent needed

Time and energy efficient

Faster than sexual reproduction

24
Q

Why is asexual reproduction efficient?

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A

No need to find a mate, and it uses less energy.

25
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
No variation Species may only survive in one habitat Disease can affect all individuals
26
When do fungi use sexual reproduction?
To generate variation.
27
How do fungi reproduce asexually?
By releasing spores.
28
How do plants reproduce sexually?
By producing seeds.
29
Give two examples of plants that reproduce asexually.
Strawberries (via runners) and daffodils (by bulb division).
30
Where do malarial parasites reproduce sexually?
In the mosquito host.
31
Where do malarial parasites reproduce asexually?
In the human host.
32
What is the genetic material in the nucleus made of?
A chemical called DNA.
33
What type of molecule is DNA?
A polymer made of two strands in a double helix.
34
What does DNA carry?
The genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living organism.
35
Why is DNA useful in identification?
It is unique to each person (except identical twins), allowing for DNA fingerprinting.
36
What are chromosomes?
Long threads of DNA found in the nucleus, made up of many genes.
37
What is a gene?
A small section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids to make a protein.
38
What is a gene the unit of?
Heredity – it can be copied and passed to the next generation.
39
What is a genome?
The entire genetic material of an organism.
40
Why is understanding the human genome important?
It helps us to: Search for genes linked to diseases Understand inherited disorders and their treatments Trace human migration patterns from the past
41
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2?
Genes linked to inherited breast cancer. Mutations in these genes account for around 10% of inherited cases.
42
How were BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes discovered?
By studying family histories and using pedigree analysis to identify inheritance patterns.
43
What is pedigree analysis?
A diagram like a family tree that shows inherited traits or diseases across generations.
44
How can someone be tested for BRCA genes today?
With a simple blood test to detect the gene mutations.
45
Who discovered the structure of DNA and when?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, using X-ray data from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
46
What is the shape of DNA?
A double helix – two strands twisted around each other.
47
What type of molecule is DNA and what is it made of?
DNA is a polymer made of repeating units called nucleotides.
48
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
49
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
50
What is complementary base pairing?
A pairs with T, and G pairs with C.
51
What is a triplet code?
A sequence of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid.
52
How does the base sequence affect protein production?
The order of bases determines the order of amino acids, which builds a specific protein.

AQA GCSE Biology 9-1 (29 decks)

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