Paper 1 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
1st class lever examples
A
- extension at elbow
- head/neck movements
2
Q
2nd class lever example
A
Ankle raises
3
Q
3rd class lever examples
A
Anything but ankle raises, elbow extension and neck movments
4
Q
Explain mechanical advantage
A
When a lever’s load arm is longer than its effort arm, it is said to be at a mechanical disadvantage.
effort arm ÷ resistance arm
5
Q
Name the plane and Axis pairs
A
- sagittal plane and transverse axis
- frontal plane and sagittal axis
- transversal plane and longitudinal axis
6
Q
Definition of health
A
A state of complete mental and physical and social well being not just with the absence of disease
7
Q
Defition of fitness
A
Ability to meet the demands of the environment
8
Q
Name SPORT
A
Specific
Progressive
Overload
Reversibility
Tedium
9
Q
name FITT
A
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
10
Q
Things to prevent injury
A
Correct footwear(boots on grass)
Spotter(so weight doesn’t fall on you)
Warm up (increase your temp, get oxygen to muscles)
Protective equipment (shin pads in hockey)
Pitch surface (ice on hockey pitch)
11
Q
What is isotonic concentric
A
Muscle shortening
12
Q
What’s isometric
A
Muscle pairs are equal length and stationary
13
Q
What’s isotonic eccentric
A
Muscle lengthening
14
Q
Structure of arteries
A
-thick musclur wall
-small lumen
-elastic walls
15
Q
Structure of veins
A
Thin muscular wall
Packet valves
Big lumen
16
Q
Structure of capillary
A
Surrounds tissue
Between arteries and veins
Big amount of them
One cell thick
17
Q
Function of arteries
A
- Carry oxygenated blood
- Copes with high pressure blood from heart
- capable of vasodilation and vasoconstriction
18
Q
Function of veins
A
- carry deoxygenated blood
- low pressure blood
- packet valves prevent black flow of blood
19
Q
Functions of capillary
A
- efficient for gas exchange
- remove waste products from the body
20
Q
What happens at inhalation at rest?
A
- diaphragm contacts and flattens
- intercostals contract
- ribs move up and out
- MORE SPACE IN THORACIC CAVITY
21
Q
Exaltation at rest
A
- diaphragm relaxes reducing space
- intercostals relax
- and ribs come down in
-reducing space in the thoracic cavity
22
Q
Inhalation during exercise
A
- diaphram contracts and flattens harder
- intercostals relax harder
- pectorals help push ribs further out to allow more space in cavity
23
Q
exhalation during exercise
A
- they same as at rest but with greater force
- so, diaphragm relaxes
- intercostals relax (with greater force)
- abdominals contract and pull the ribs down and in
24
Q
Explain tidal volume
A
volume of air inspired or expired/exchanged per breath
25
Explain insportary reserve volume
the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal
volume
26
Expiatory volume definition
the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal
volume
27
residual volume
the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.
28
Long term effects of exercise (need 5)
- build strength
- lower resting heart rate
- body shape change
- increased heart size
- increase in stamina/CE
- increased speed
29
Immediate effects of exercise
- hot sweaty red skin
-increase depth of breathing
-increased frequency of breathing
30
Short term effects of breathing
- doms, cramps
- nausea
- tiredness/fatigue
- light headness
31
Definition of agility
Changing directions while maintaining speed
32
Definition of Balance
The maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. Reference can be made to whilst static (still) or dynamic (whilst moving).
33
Definition of cardiovascular endurance
Ability of heart and lungs to supply oxygen to Working muscles
34
Definition of Co-ordination
Ability to use to or more body parts at the same time
35
Definition of Flexibility
Range of movements possible at a joint
36
Definition of Muscular endurance
Ability of muscle to undergo repeated contractions without fatigue
37
Definition of Power
Product of strength x speed
38
Definition of Reaction time
Time taken to respond to a stimulus
39
Definition of Maximal strength
Ability to overcome resistance
40
Definition of Static stench
Ability to hold body part in a static position with muscle staying the same length
41
Definition of Speed
Rate of which an individual takes to cover an distance
42
Reasons for fitness testing
- base line tests
- identify strengths and weakness
- monitor improvement
- compare to national average
- motivational for athlete
43
Limitations of fitness testing
- to generic (agility test and hockey)
- doesn’t replicate sporting environments
- need to athlete to be motivated
- tests can not be set up properly and get false results.
44
Stages of warm up (apply to sport)
- pulse raiser
- stretching
- skill preparation
- mental prep
45
Stages of cool down (explain why)
- gradual pulse decrease
- static stretching
46
Sporting example of muscular edurance
AO2/ omplyic rower repeated contract their biceps to push against the water
AO3/ meaning they can maintain a high speed towards vital last parts of their race
47
Sporting example of Power
AO2/ 100m sprinter applies maximal forces on the block at the highest speed
AO3/ to accelerate ahead of the completion at the start of the race and gain an early lead
48
Sporting example of Reaction time
AO2/ 100m sprinter reacting to the gun at the start of their race
AO3/ to push of quicker off the block to gain an advantage
49
Sporting example of Maximal strength
Weight lighter world record weight of the ground, by applying maximal forces
50
Sporting example of Speed
AO2/ 500m racer using speed at the end of their race
AO3/ to overtake people and gain places or break free from people applying pressure behind.
51
Sporting example of Agility
AO2/ netball playing moving an dodging around the pitch to get in to space to receive a pass
AO3/ and be able to get the ball and make another pass or be in a better place to shoot
52
Sporting example of Balance
AO2/ Skier leaning forward to keep their Center of mass over the skies
AO3/ to prevent a crash and stay in the race
53
Sporting example of CV edurance
AO2/ triathlete getting oxgyen to the gastrocnemius when running
AO3/ in order to keep being able to work at a high intensity
54
Sporting example of co-ordination
AO2/ high jumper arching their back while kicking legs
AO3/ in order to gain height to clear the bar with the lower body.
55
Sporting example of Flexibility
AO2/ a football goalkeeper in the middle of their net extending their leg out
AO3/ in order to stop a shot from going bottom corner of their net
56
structure of the skeleton
-allows movement at a joint
- different types of joint allow different types of movement
- flat bones protect organs
57
Functions of the Skelton system
- support
- protection of vital organs
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell production
58
How Skelton and muscle work together
- muscles work in pairs.
- prime mover in the pair muscles on the bone via a tendon.
-while the antagonist relaxes and allows the movement to occur
- while the bones acting as levels for muscles to pull on
59
Pathway of blood in heart
- deoxygenated blood into right atrium
then into the right ventricle
- the pulmonary artery then transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- gas exchange occurs (blood is oxygenated)
- pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood back to the left atrium
then into the left ventricle
- before oxygenated blood is ejected and transported to the body via the aorta.
60
Aerobic equation
Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
61
Anaerobic equation
glucose = energy + lactic acid
62
EPOC explanation
An understanding that EPOC (oxygen debt) is caused by anaerobic exercise (producing lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt.
63
Test for agility
Illinois agility test
Mark out the course to the exact measurements required
Participant starts in a face-down lying position at the start line
Ensure accuracy of timing with two timers at the finish line
Measured in seconds
-
64
Test for Balance
Stork stand test
Participant places their hand on hips and one foot on inside knee of the opposite leg
Participant raises their heel and holds the balance for as long as possible
The score is taken as the total time the participant held the balance
65
Test for CV edurance
Multi stage fitness testing
Mark out a 20 m course
Participants must arrive at the end line on the beep or wait for the beep before running back
Participants must run until total exhaustion prevents the completion of two to three shuttles
Measured in the number of shuttle runs completed and converted to ml/kg/min
66
Test for Co-ordination
Wall toss test
Participant stands exactly two metres from a smooth-surfaced wall
Participant throws the ball with one hand and catches with the other and repeats
Non-participant counts number of successful catches in 30 seconds
67
Test for Flexibility
Sit and reach test
Remove shoes and position sit and reach box against the wall
Keep knees completely locked and reach forward with one hand on top of the other
Stretch and hold position for two seconds while non-participant records score
Usually measured in centimetres
68
Test for Muscular edurance
Sit up bleep test
On a cushioned surface the participant performs as many full sit ups as they are able to in time to set beeps over 5 minute period
the participant moves from a lying position to sitting up with their elbows touching their knees and then returns to the ground
Non-participant holds the participants feet on the ground, counts the completed actions and judges that all actions are full
69
Test for power
vertical jump test
70
Test for Reaction time
Ruler drop test
71
Test for Maximal strength
One rep max test
Select the body part that is to be tested and use the weight lifting technique for that body part
Lift a weight that is more than the training weight
Rest for 5 – 10 minutes then select a heavier weight
Repeat the process until a weight is selected that can only be lifted successfully for one rep
Usually measured in kilograms
72
Test for speed
30m sprint test
(a rolling start so that they are running at full speed as they hit the start line
73
Load shape
Block
74
What is abduction
movement away from body
75
What is addiction and sporting example
Movement towards midline of body
Returning to original postion from jumping jack
76
What is rotation and sporting example
Movement around a joint
Golf drive shot
77
circumduction definiton and example
turning or circular motion around a joint
78
Plantar flexion definition and example
Toes up increase angle at join
Pointing toes in ballet
79
Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange.
- large surface area
- moist walls
80
how does transversal plane spilt the body? and examples
top and bottom
81
how does sagitial plane spilt the body?
left and right
82
how does frontal plane spilt the body?
front and back
83
synovial joint injury protection
cartilage - stop bones rubbing together/wear and tear
synovial fluid - to lube up a joint and allow a good moment
ligaments - connect the bones together
84
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles each time they contract.
85
Cardiac output defo and equation
Cardiac output (Q) is the amount of blood pumped from the heart every minute
Q=SVxHR
